maintainer: Anita Risch

en: invertebrates grassland ecosystem-coupling subalpine grazing swiss-national-park ecosystem-functions ecosystem-multifunctionality exclusion vertebrates

en: Datafile

en:
ID: Plot ID composited of Fence & Treatment number (90 plots total)

Grassland: Name of the six subalpine grasslands where the exclosure setups were erected. In large grasslands (GRIM, MING, STAB), we established four hierarchical exclosure setups (two in short- and two in tall-grass vegetation), whereas in the small grasslands (BOTS, DADA, MARG) only one setup was erected per vegetation type. BOTS = Val dal Botsch, GRIM = Grimmels, MING = Val Mingér, STAB = Alp Stabelchod, DADA = Stabelchod da daint, MARG = Margunet

Fence: Number of exclosure setup (1 - 18). Note that uneven numbers (1,3,5,7,9,11,13,15,17) represent setups established on short-grass vegetation, even numbers (2,4,6,8,10,12,14,16,18) setups established in tall-grass vegetation
Vegetation	Vegetation type, 1 = short-grass vegetation, 2 = tall-grass vegetation; (9 replicate fences on each vegetation type)
Treatment	Progressive animal exclusion, numbers indicate which animals had access to the plot: 1 = Large/medium/small mammals, and invertebrates have access ("L/M/S/I"), 2 = Medium/small mammals, and invertebrates have access (“M/S/I”), 3 = Small mammals and invertebrates have access (“S/I”), 4 = Invertebrates have access (“I”), 5 = No animals have access (“None”)

Bulkden:	Fine fraction soil bulk density (g cm-3)

Soil.moist	: Soil moisture (%)

Soil.org.C: Rhizosphere soil C content (%)

pH: Soil pH

Nema.PC1: First principal component (PC1) of principal component analysis (PCA) of the soil nematode community composition

Nema.PC2: Second principal component (PC2) of principal component analysis (PCA) of the soil nematode community composition

Micro.PC1: 	First principal component (PC1) of principal component analysis (PCA) of the soil microbial community composition

Micro.PC2: Second principal component (PC2) of principal component analysis (PCA) of the soil microbial community composition

Abv.Inv.PC1: First principal component (PC1) of principal component analysis (PCA) of the aboveground-dwelling invertebrate community composition

Abv.Inv.PC2: Second principal component (PC2) of principal component analysis (PCA) of the aboveground-dwelling invertebrate community composition

Arthr.PC1: First principal component (PC1) of principal component analysis (PCA) of the soil arthropod community composition

Arthr.PC2: Second principal component (PC2) of principal component analysis (PCA) of the soil arthropod community composition

Plant.PC1: First principal component (PC1) of principal component analysis (PCA) of the plant community composition

Plant.PC2: Second principal component (PC2) of principal component analysis (PCA) of the plant community composition

Root.biomass: Root biomass (g m-2)

Micro.biomass	: Microbial biomass carbon (mg kg-1)

Plant.richness: Plant species richness

Plant.N: Plant tissue nitrogen content (%)

Soil.N.min: Soil net nitrogen mineralisation (kg ha-1 season)

Soil.resp: Soil carbon dioxide emissions (soil respiration; g m-2 h-1)

en:
This dataset contains all data on which the following publication below is based.

Paper Citation:
 > Risch AC, Ochoa-Hueso R, van der Putten WH, Bump JK, Busse MD, Frey B, Gwiazdowicz DJ, Page-Dumroese DS, Vandegehuchte ML, Zimmermann S, Schütz M. Size-dependent loss of aboveground animals differentially affects grassland ecosystem coupling and functions. 2018. Nature Communications 9: 3684. [doi: 10.1038/s41467-018-06105-4](https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-06105-4).

Please cite this paper together with the citation for the datafile.

#Methods
Study sites
The experimental exclosure setups were installed within the SNP (IUCN category Ia preserve; Dudley 2008), in south-eastern Switzerland. The park covers 172 km2 of forests and subalpine and alpine grasslands along with scattered rock outcrops and scree slopes. The entire area has been protected from human impact (no hunting, fishing, camping or off-trail hiking) since 1914. Large, fairly homogenous patches of short- and tall-grass vegetation, which originate from different historical management and grazing regimes, cover the park’s subalpine grasslands entirely. Short-grass vegetation developed in areas where cattle used to rest (nutrient input) prior to the park’s foundation (14th century to 1914) (Schütz and others 2003, 2006) and is dominated by lawn grass species such as Festuca rubra L., Briza media L. and Agrostis capillaris L. (Schütz and others 2003, 2006). Today, this vegetation type is intensively grazed by diverse vertebrate and invertebrate communities that inhabit the park and consume up to 60% of the available biomass (Risch and others 2013). Tall-grass vegetation developed where cattle formerly grazed, but did not rest, and is dominated by rather nutrient-poor tussocks of Carex sempervirens Vill. and Nardus stricta L. (Schütz and others 2003, 2006). This vegetation type receives considerably less grazing, with only roughly 20% of the biomass consumed (Risch and others 2013). Consequently, the two vegetation types together represent a long-term trajectory of changes in grazing regimes. Underlying bedrock of all grasslands is dolomite, which renders these grasslands rather poor in nutrients regardless of former and current land-use regimes.
Experimental design
To progressively exclude aboveground vertebrate and invertebrate animals, we established 18 size-selective exclosure setups (nine in short-grass, nine in tall-grass vegetation) distributed over six subalpine grasslands across the SNP (Risch and others 2013, 2015). Elevation differences of exclosure locations did not exceed 350 m (between 1975 and 2300 m a.s.l.). The exclosures were established immediately after snowmelt in spring 2009 and were left in place for five consecutive growing seasons (until end of 2013). They were, however, temporarily dismantled every fall (late October after first snowfall) to protect them from avalanches. They were re-established in the same location every spring immediately after snowmelt. Each size-selective exclosure setup consisted of five plots (2 x 3 m) that progressively excluded aboveground vertebrates and invertebrates from large to small. The plots are labelled according to the guilds that had access to them “L/M/S/I”, “M/S/I”, “S/I”, “I”, “None”; L = large mammals, M = medium mammals, S = small mammals, I = invertebrates, None = no animals had access. As we only had permission to have the experimental setup in place for five consecutive growing seasons, the experiment had to be completely dismantled in the late fall of 2013 and all material removed from the SNP.
Our exclosure design was aimed at excluding mammalian herbivores, but naturally also excluded the few medium and small mammalian predators, as well as the entire aboveground invertebrate food web. A total of 26 large to small mammal species can be found in the SNP, but large apex predators are missing (wolf, bear, lynx) . Reptiles, amphibians and birds are scarce to absent in the subalpine grasslands under study. Only two reptile species occur in the park and they are confined to rocky areas that warm up enough for them to survive. One frog species spawns in an isolated pond far from our grasslands. Only three bird species occasionally feed on the subalpine grasslands. Using game cameras (Moultrie 6MP Game Spy I-60 Infrared Digital Game Camera, Moultrie Feeders, Alabaster, AL, USA), we did observe that the medium- and small-sized mammals (marmot/hares and mice) were not afraid to enter the fences and feed on their designated plots. We never spotted reptiles, amphibians or birds on camera. We distinguished between 59 higher aboveground-dwelling invertebrate taxa that our size-selective exclosures excluded (see also methods for aboveground-dwelling invertebrates below).
The “L/M/S/I” plot (not fenced) was located at least 5 m from the 2.1 m tall and 7 x 9 m large main electrical fence that enclosed the other four plots. The bottom wire of this fence was mounted at 0.5 m height and was not electrified to enable safe access for medium and small mammals, while fencing out the large ones. Within each main fence, we randomly established four 2 x 3 m plots separated by 1-m wide walkways from one another and from the main fence line: 1) the “M/S/I” plots were unfenced, allowing access to all but the large mammals; 2) the “S/I” plots (10 x 10 cm electrical mesh fence) excluded all medium-sized mammals. Note that the bottom 10 cm of this fence remained non-electrified to enable safe access for small mammals; 3) the “I” plots (2 x 2 cm metal mesh fence) excluded all mammals. We double-folded the mesh at the bottom 50 cm to reduce the mesh size to smaller than 1 x 1 cm openings; and 4) the “None” plots were surrounded by a 1 m tall mosquito net (1.5 x 2 mm) to exclude all animals. The top of the plot was covered with a mosquito-meshed wooden frame mounted to the corner posts (roof). We treated these plots a few times with biocompatible insecticide (Clean kill original, Eco Belle GmbH, Waldshut-Tiengen, Germany) to remove insects that might have entered during data collection or that hatched from the soil, but amounts were negligible and did not impact soil moisture conditions within these plots.
To assess whether the design of the “None” exclosure (mesh and roof) affected the response variables within the plots and, therefore, influenced the results, we established an additional six “micro-climate control” exclosures (one in each of the six grasslands) (Risch and others 2013, 2015). These exclosures were built as the “None” exclosures but were open at the bottom (20 cm) of the 3-m side of the fence facing away from the prevailing wind direction to allow invertebrates to enter. A 20-cm high and 3-m long strip of metal mesh was used to block access to small mammals. Thus, this construction allowed a comparable micro-climate to the “None” plots, but also a comparable feeding pressure by invertebrates to the “I” plots. We compared various properties within these exclosures against one another to assess if our construction altered the conditions in the “None” plots. We showed that differences in plant (e.g., vegetation height, aboveground biomass) and soil properties (e.g., soil temperature, moisture) found between the “I” and the “None” treatments were not due to the construction of the “None” exclosure, but a function of animal exclusions, although the amount of UV light reaching the plant canopy was significantly reduced (Risch and others 2013).
Aboveground invertebrate sampling
Aboveground invertebrates were sampled with two different methods to capture both ground- and plant-dwelling organisms: 1) we randomly placed two pitfall traps (67 mm in diameter, covered with a roof) filled with 20% propylene glycol in one 1 x 1 m subplot of the 2 x 3 m treatment plots in spring 2013 (May) and emptied them every two weeks until late September 2013 (Vandegehuchte and others 2017b, 2018). A pitfall trap consisted of a plastic cylinder (13 cm depth, 6.75 cm diameter). Within each cylinder we placed a 100 ml plastic vial with outer diameter 6.70 cm and on top of the cylinder we placed a plastic funnel to guide the invertebrates into the vials. Each trap was cover with a cone-shaped and transparent plastic roof to protect the trap from rain (Vandegehuchte and others 2017b, 2018). Note that in the “None” plots only one trap was placed as control to check for effectiveness of the exclosure. 2) We vacuumed all invertebrates from a 60 x 60 cm area on another 1 x 1 m subplot with a suction sampler (Vortis, Burkhard manufacturing CO, Ltd., Rickmansworth, Hertfordshire, UK) every month from June to September 2013 (Vandegehuchte and others 2017b, 2018). For this purpose, we quickly placed a square plastic frame (60 x 60 x 40 cm) with a closable mosquito mesh sleeve attached to the top edge into the plot from the outside. The suction sample was then inserted into through the sleeve and operated for 45 s to collect the invertebrates (Vandegehuchte and others 2017b, 2018).
We sorted the ≈100 000 individuals collected with both methods by hand and identified each individual morphologically to the lowest taxonomic level feasible (59 taxa, including orders, suborders, subfamilies, families; phylum for Mollusca). These taxa belonged to the following feeding types: 19 herbivores, 16 detritivores, 9 predators, 8 mixed feeders, 5 omnivores and 2 non-classified feeders (or not feeding as adults) (Vandegehuchte and others 2017b). We summed the numbers from the two pitfall traps and the suction sampling over the course of the 2013 season to represent the aboveground invertebrate abundance and community composition of a plot. Note: we did not specifically attempt to catch flying invertebrates with e.g., sticky traps, thus a few flying insects may have been missed with our vacuum sampling approach.
Sampling of plant properties
The vascular plant species composition was assessed at peak biomass every summer (July) by estimating the frequency of occurrence of each species with the pin count method in each plot (Frank and McNaughton 1990). A total of 172 taxa occurred within our 90 plots and we calculated plant species richness for each plot separately. We used the 2013 data in this study. Plant quality was assessed every year in July and September; here we use plant quality at the end of the experiment (September 2013). Two 10 x 100 cm wide strips of vegetation per plot were clipped, combined, dried at 65°C, and ground (Pulverisette 16, Fritsch, Idar-Oberstein, Germany) to pass through a 0.5 mm sieve. Twenty randomly selected samples across all treatments were analysed for N (Leco TruSpec Analyser, Leco, St. Joseph, Michigan, USA) (Vandegehuchte and others 2015). Nitrogen concentrations of the other samples were then estimated from models established for the experiment and the entire SNP relating Fourier transform-near infrared reflectance (FT-NIR) spectra to the measured values of N using a multi-purpose FT-NIR spectrometer (Bruker Optics, Fällanden, Switzerland) (Vandegehuchte and others 2015). Root biomass was sampled every fall by collecting five 2.2 cm diameter x 10 cm deep soil samples (Giddings Machine Company, Windsor, CO, USA) per plot (450 samples year-1). The samples were dried at 30 °C and roots were sorted from the sample by hand. We sorted each sample for 1 h which allowed to retrieve over 90% of all roots present in the samples (Risch and others 2013). The roots were then dried at 65 °C for 48 and weighed to the nearest mg. We averaged the values per plot and used the 2013 data only in this study.
Sampling of edaphic communities
In 2009, 2010, and 2011 we collected three composited soil samples (5 cm diameter x 10 cm depth; AMS Samplers, American Falls, ID, USA) and assessed bacterial community structure using T-RFLP profiling (Liu and others 1997; Blackwood and others 2003; Hodel and others 2014). We detected a total of 89 operational taxonomic units (OTUs). These values are in accordance with other studies reporting OTU richness (Wirthner and others 2011; Zumsteg and others 2012; Meola and others 2014) using T-RFLP profiling, a method that detects the most abundant, and thus likely, the most relevant, taxa. We averaged the data over the three years of collections for our calculations. Microbial biomass carbon (MBC) was determined with the substrate-induced method (Anderson and Domsch 1978) every fall (September) between 2009 and 2013 by collecting three mineral soil samples (5 cm diameter × 10 cm mineral soil core, AMS Samplers, American Falls, ID, USA). The three samples were combined (90 samples for each sampling year), immediately put on ice, taken to the laboratory, passed through a 2-mm sieve and stored at 4°C. Again, we only used the 2013 data in this study.
Soil samples (5 cm diameter x 10 cm depth) to extract soil arthropods were collected in June, July, and August 2011 with a soil corer lined with a plastic sleeve to ensure an undisturbed sample (total of 270 samples). The plastic line core was immediately sealed on both ends using cling film and put into a cooler. All plots were sampled within three days and the extraction of arthropods started the evening of the sampling day using a high-gradient Tullgren funnel apparatus (Crossley and Blair 1991; Vandegehuchte and others 2015). Samples were kept in the extractor for four days and the soil arthropods were collected in 95% ethanol. All individuals were counted and each individual was identified morphologically to the lowest level feasible [76 taxa, including orders, suborders, subfamilies, families (Protura, Thysanoptera, Aphidina, Psylina, Coleoptera, Brachycera, Nematocera, Auchenorryncha, Heteroptera, Formicidae); sub-phylum for Myriapoda, for Acari and Collembola also including morpho-species). Note that we also included larval stages (nine of the 76 taxa) (Vandegehuchte and others 2015). All data were summed over the season. A detailed species list for mites and collembolans is published (Vandegehuchte and others 2017a) [https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0118679.s001]. Earthworms are rare in the SNP and therefore were not included. We collected eight random 2.2 cm diameter x 10 cm deep soil cores from each plot in September 2013 to determine the soil nematode community composition. The samples were mixed and the nematodes were extracted from 100 ml of fresh soil using Oostenbrink elutriators (Oostenbrink 1960). All nematodes in a 1 ml of the 10 ml extract were counted, a minimum of 150 individuals sample-1 were identified to genus or family level using (Bongers 1988), the numbers of all nematodes were extrapolated to the entire sample and expressed for a 100 g dry sample. In total we identified 63 genus or family levels (Vandegehuchte and others 2015). The list of all the nematodes found is published (Vandegehuchte and others 2015) [http://www.oikosjournal.org/appendix/oik-03341] or DOI: [doi: 10.1111/oik.03341].
We are aware that sampling soil microbes from 2009 to 2011 and soil arthropods in 2011 was not ideal, but we are positive that this does not bias the results. Most of the parameters measured in our experiment either already showed a treatment response after the first growing season (e.g., plant biomass) or did not respond over the entire time experiment (e.g., microbial biomass C). The microbial community composition (2009 – 2011) was highly influenced by inter-annual differences in temperature and precipitation, but did not differ between treatments or vegetation types (Hodel and others 2014). We therefore felt comfortable using the 2009 through 2011 data for describing the soil microbial community in our experimental treatments. Similarly, we are positive that our soil arthropod data are representative. We did assess soil arthropods in August 2012 and found no differences to the August 2011 data. However, we did not feel comfortable combining the 2011 June, July, August data with only August data for 2012 for our analyses.
Sampling of soil properties
We collected three soil samples (5 cm diameter x 10 cm depth) in each plot in September 2013 after removing the vegetation. First, we collected the top layer of mineral soil rich in organic matter, the surface organic layer or rhizosphere, typically 1 to 3 cm in depth with a soil corer (AMS Samples, American Falls, Idaho, USA). Second, we collected a 10 cm mineral soil core beneath this surface layer. The cores for each layer were composited, dried at 65 °C for 48 h and fine-ground to pass a 0.5 mm screen. We then analysed all samples for total C using a Leco TruSpec Analyser (Leco, St. Joseph, Michigan, USA). Mineral soil pH was measured potentiometrically in 1:2 soil:CaCl2 solution with an equilibration time of 30 min.
Soil net N mineralisation was assessed during the 2013 growing season (Risch and others 2015). For this purpose, we randomly collected a 5 cm diameter x10 cm deep soil sample with a soil corer (AMS Samples, American Falls, Idaho, USA) after clipping the vegetation in June 2013. After weighing and sieving (4 mm mesh) the soil, we extracted a 20 g subsample in 1 mol l-1 KCl for 1.5 h on an end-over-end shaker and thereafter filtered it through ashless folded filter paper (DF 5895 150, ALBET LabScience, Hahnenmühle FineArt GmbH, Dassel, Germany). From these filtrates NO3- concentrations were measured colorimetrically (Norman and Stucki 1981) and NH4+with flow injection analysis (FIAS 300, Perkin Elmer, Waltham Massachusetts, USA) (Risch and others 2015). We dried the rest of the sample 105 °C to constant mass to determine fine,fraction bulk density. A second soil sample was collected within each plot in June 2013 with a corer lined with a 5 x 13 cm aluminium cylinder. The corer was driven 11.5 cm deep into the soil so that the top 1.5 cm of the cylinder remained empty. Into this space we placed a polyester bag (250 µm) filled an ion-exchanger resin to capture the incoming N. The bag was filled with a 1:1 mixture of acidic and alkaline exchanger resin (ion-exchanger I KA/ion exchanger IIIAA, Merck AG, Darmstadt, Germany). We then removed 1.5 cm soil at the bottom of the cylinder and placed a second resin exchanger bag into this space to capture the N leached from the soil column. To assure that the exchange resin was saturated with H+ and Cl- prior to filling the bags, the mixture was stirred with 1.2 ml l-1 HCl for 1 h and then rinsed with demineralized water until the electrical conductivity of the water reached 5 µm cm-1. The cylinder with the resin bags in place was reinserted into the soil with the top flush to the soil surface and incubated for three months. We recollected the cylinders in September 2013. Each resin bag and 20 g of sieved soil (4 mm mesh) from each cylinder were then separately extracted with KCl and NO3- and NH4+ concentrations were measured. Nitrate and NH4+ concentrations of all samples were then converted to a content basis by multiplying their values with fine fraction bulk density. Net N mineralisation was thereafter calculated as the difference between the N content of the samples collected at the end of the three-month incubation (including the N extracted from the bottom resin bag) and the N content at the beginning of the incubation (Risch and others 2015).
Soil CO2 emissions were measured every two weeks between 0900 and 1700 hrs from early May through late September 2013 with a PP-Systems SRC-1 soil respiration chamber (15 cm high, 10 cm diameter; closed circuit) attached to a PP-Systems EGM-4 infrared gas analyser (PP-Systems, Amesbury, MA, USA) on two locations per plot (Risch and others 2013). The chamber was placed on randomly placed, permanently installed PVC collars (10 cm diameter) driven 5 cm into the soil at the beginning of the study (Risch and others 2013). Freshly germinated plants growing within the collars were removed prior to each measurement to avoid measuring plant respiration or photosynthesis. The two measurements collected per plot and sampling date were averaged.
Soil moisture (with time domain reflectometry; Field-Scout TDR-100, Spectrum Technologies, Plainfield, Illionois, USA) and temperature (with a waterproof digital pocket thermometer; Barnstead International, Dubuque, Iowa, USA) were measured at five random locations per plot every two weeks during the growing seasons during the experiment for the 0 to 10 cm depth (Risch and others 2013, 2015). As soil moisture and soil temperature were highly negatively correlated (Risch and others 2013), we only used soil moisture for this study. We used plot-level averages of all values available to capture soil moisture variability during the five years of the experiment. The results remained unchanged when we only used soil moisture from the 2013 growing season.
Numeral calculations and statistical analyses
Ecosystem coupling. We conducted principal component analyses (PCAs; unscaled) at the complete dataset level using the abundances of each taxonomical entity to describe each of the five different communities used in this study: aboveground-dwelling invertebrates, vascular plants, soil microorganisms, soil arthropods and soil nematodes. We retained the first two components (PCA axis 1 and PCA axis 2) of each analysis as we found them to adequately represent the temporal and spatial variability of our 90 treatment plots in previous studies55,67. Together they explained a total of 71.70% of the variation for aboveground invertebrates, 44.36% for plants, 44.85% for soil microorganisms, 61.85% for soil arthropods and 77.19% for soil nematodes. In addition, we used soil pH and soil organic C content as a proxy for soil chemical properties, soil bulk density as a proxy for soil physical properties and soil moisture (negatively correlated with soil temperature) as a proxy for soil micro-climatic conditions for an overall total of fourteen constituents.
We calculated ecosystem coupling9 for each exclosure treatment within each vegetation type (i.e., 2  5 treatment combinations in total) as an integrated measure of pairwise ecological interactions between ecosystem constituents representing ecological communities and the soil abiotic environment. These ecological interactions are defined by non-parametric Spearman rank correlation analyses between two constituents, excluding interactions involving two abiotic constituents (e.g., soil pH vs. soil moisture) and interactions between the first (PC1) and second (PC2) component of each community type, as these are orthogonal by definition. Interactions between abiotic constituents were excluded from the analyses because the focus of our study was on communities and how they interact with one another and their surrounding environment; therefore, including abiotic-abiotic interactions was not of interest here. Given that the effectiveness of our experimental design resulted in that no community composition data of aboveground-dwelling invertebrates was available for the “None” plots (all animals excluded), only thirteen instead of fourteen constituents were included in the ecosystem coupling calculations for this treatment. The complete absence of aboveground invertebrates represents the most extreme case of disturbance between aboveground animal communities and the rest of the ecosystem constituents. This may have resulted in a slight overestimation of ecosystem coupling for these plots.
	Average ecosystem coupling was calculated as follows:
Ecosystem coupling=
where Xi is the absolute Coupling was calculated value of the Spearman’s rho coefficient of the ith correlation for each treatment within each vegetation type (i.e., based on nine replicates each), considering and n is the number of pairwise comparisons considered (n = a total of 80; interactions (56 in the case of the “None” treatment). We considered a total of 40 biotic-biotic interactions (i.e., concerning two community-level principal components such as plants and microbes; 24 in the case of the “None” treatment) and 40 abiotic-biotic (i.e., concerning one community-level principal component and one abiotic factor, e.g., plant community and soil properties; 32 in the case of the “None” treatment).	Coupling was calculated for each treatment within each vegetation type (i.e., based on nine replicates each), considering a total of 80 interactions (56 in the case of the “None” treatment). We considered a total of 40 biotic-biotic interactions (i.e., concerning two community-level principal components such as plants and microbes; 24 in the case of the “None” treatment) and 40 abiotic-biotic (i.e., concerning one community-level principal component and one abiotic factor, e.g., plant community and soil properties; 32 in the case of the “None” treatment).
To establish whether constituents were significantly and positively coupled within treatments (i.e., the average of their correlation coefficients were greater than in a null model where correlation only happens by chance), we calculated one-tailed p-values based on permutation tests with 999 permutations.

We considered six ecosystem functions and process rates commonly used to assess ecosystem functioning (Meyer and others 2015; Manning and others 2018). Plant N content represents a measure of forage quality, while plant richness has been shown to stabilise biomass production, thus allowing the system to respond to changes in herbivory. Soil net N mineralisation, soil respiration, root biomass, and microbial biomass represent fluxes or stocks of energy. For all functions and processes higher values represent higher functioning (Manning and others 2018). All these variables were measured in the last year of the experiment (2013). We then quantified ecosystem multifunctionality using the multiple threshold approach (Byrnes and others 2014; Manning and others 2018), which considers the number of functions that are above a certain threshold, over a series of threshold values (typically 10-99%) that are defined based on the maximum value of each function. We weighted all our functions equally for these calculations (Manning and others 2018). The number of functions in a plot with values higher than a given threshold value for the respective function is summed up. The sum represents ecosystem multifunctionality for that plot. Given that choosing any particular threshold as a measure of ecosystem multifunctionality is arbitrary, we calculated the average of thresholds from 10-90% (in 10% intervals) as a more integrated representation of ecosystem multifunctionality.
We used Pearson correlations to explore the relationships between ecosystem coupling (all interactions, biotic-biotic interactions, abiotic-biotic interactions involving above- and belowground constituents, and all interactions, biotic-biotic interactions, abiotic-biotic interactions involving belowground constituents only) and ecosystem multifunctionality by calculating the slopes of all relationships between ecosystem coupling and multifunctionality for all thresholds between 10 and 99%. We also related ecosystem coupling with the average of multifunctionality at thresholds between 30-80% as explained before and considered this correlation as a robust indication of the type of association between these two variables. In addition, we explored the relationships between ecosystem coupling (all interactions, biotic-biotic interactions, abiotic-biotic interactions involving above- and belowground constituents, and all interactions, biotic-biotic interactions, abiotic-biotic interactions involving belowground constituents only) and individual ecosystem functions. The effects of exclosures and vegetation type on individual functions and multifunctionality were evaluated using linear mixed effects models ('lme' function of the nlme package), with exclosure and vegetation type as fixed effects and fence as a random factor. All statistical analyses and numerical calculations were done in R version 3.4.0 (R Core Team 2016).

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- Risch AC, Haynes AG, Busse MD, Filli F, Schütz M. 2013. The response of soil CO2 fluxes to progressively excluding vertebrate and invertebrate herbivores depends on ecosystem type. Ecosystems 16:1192–202.
- Risch AC, Schütz M, Vandegehuchte ML, Van Der Putten WH, Duyts H, Raschein U, Gwiazdowicz DJ, Busse MD, Page-Dumroese DS, Zimmermann S. 2015. Aboveground vertebrate and invertebrate herbivore impact on net N mineralization in subalpine grasslands. Ecology 96:3312–22.
- Schütz M, Risch AC, Achermann G, Thiel-Egenter C, Page-Dumroese DS, Jurgensen MF, Edwards PJ. 2006. Phosphorus translocation by red deer on a subalpine grassland in the Central European Alps. Ecosystems 9:624–633.
- Schütz M, Risch AC, Leuzinger E, Krüsi BO, Achermann G. 2003. Impact of herbivory by red deer (Cervus elaphus L.) on patterns and processes in subalpine grasslands in the Swiss National Park. For Ecol Manage 181:177–88.
- Vandegehuchte ML, van der Putten WH, Duyts H, Schütz M, Risch AC. 2017a. Aboveground mammal and invertebrate exclusions cause consistent changes in soil food webs of two subalpine grassland types, but mechanisms are system-speciﬁc. Oikos 126:212–23.
- Vandegehuchte ML, Raschein U, Schütz M, Gwiazdowicz DJ, Risch AC. 2015. Indirect short- and long-term effects of aboveground invertebrate and vertebrate herbivores on soil microarthropod communities. PLoS One 10:e0118679.
- Vandegehuchte ML, Schütz M, de Schaetzen F, Risch AC. 2017b. Mammal-induced trophic cascades in invertebrate food webs are modulated by grazing intensity in subalpine grassland. J Anim Ecol 86:1434–46.
- Vandegehuchte ML, Trivellone V, Schütz M, Firn J, de Schaetzen F, Risch AC. 2018. Mammalian herbivores affect leafhoppers associated with specific plant functional types at different timescales. Funct Ecol 32:545–55.
- Wirthner S, Frey B, Busse MD, Schütz M, Risch AC. 2011. Effects of wild boar (Sus scrofa L.) rooting on the bacterial community structure in mixed-hardwood forest soils in Switzerland. Eur J Soil Biol 47:296–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejsobi.2011.07.003
- Zumsteg A, Luster J, Göransson H, Smittenberg RH, Brunner I, Bernasconi SM, Zeyer J, Frey B. 2012. Bacterial, Archaeal and Fungal Succession in the Forefield of a Receding Glacier. Microb Ecol 63:552–64. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00248-011-9991-8

ecosystem-coupling

display_name: ecosystem-coupling

ecosystem-functions

display_name: ecosystem-functions

ecosystem-multifunctionality

display_name: ecosystem-multifunctionality

exclusion

display_name: exclusion

grassland

display_name: grassland

grazing

display_name: grazing

invertebrates

display_name: invertebrates

subalpine

display_name: subalpine

swiss-national-park

display_name: swiss-national-park

vertebrates

display_name: vertebrates

en: Ecosystem coupling and multifunctionality - exclosure experiment


maintainer: EnviDat Support

en: photogrammetry snow-depth-distribution davos snow-hydrology avalanches dischma

state: active

type: dataset

en: Snowdepth maps

format: GeoTIFF

en:
The available datasets are snow depth maps with a spatial resolution of 0.5 m derived from images of the survey camera Vexcel Ultracam mounted on a piloted airplane. Image acquisition was carried out during the approximately peak of winter (time when the thickest snowpack is expected) in spring. The snow depth maps are calculated by the subtraction of a summer-DTM from the processed winter- DSM of the corresponding date. The summer-DTM used was derived from a point cloud of an airborne laser scanner from 2020.

Due to the occurrence of inaccuracies of the calculated snow depth values caused by the photogrammetric method, we applied different masks to significantly increase the reliability of the snow depth maps. We masked out settled areas, high-frequented streets and technical constructions, pixels with high vegetation (height > 0.5 m) , outliers and unrealistic snow depth values. In addition, we modified the snow depth values of snow-free pixels to 0.
The information on buildings and infrastructure comes from the exactly classified ALS point cloud and the TLM dataset from Swisstopo (https://www.swisstopo.admin.ch/de/geodata/landscape/tlm3d.html#links). High vegetation is also derived from the classification and the calculated object height from the point cloud.
Outliers and unrealistic snow depth values are defined as negative snow depth values and snow depths exceeding 10 m. The classification of each pixel of the corresponding orthophoto into snow-covered or snow-free is based on the application of a threshold of the NDSI or manually determined ratios of the RGB values.

An extensive accuracy assessment proves the high accuracy of the snow depth maps with a root mean square error of 0.25 m for the year 2017 and 0.15 m for the following snow depth maps.

The work is published in:

avalanches

display_name: avalanches

davos

display_name: davos

dischma

display_name: dischma

photogrammetry

display_name: photogrammetry

snow-depth-distribution

display_name: snow-depth-distribution

snow-hydrology

display_name: snow-hydrology

educ

fr: Éducation, culture et sport

de: Bildung, Kultur und Sport

en: Education, culture and sport

it: Istruzione, cultura e sport

envidat

fr: EnviDat: le portail de données environnementales

de: EnviDat: das Umwelt-Datenportal

en: EnviDat: the Environmental Data Portal

it: EnviDat: il portale dei dati ambientali

fr: EnviDat est le portail de données du WSL; il offre un accès uniformisé et réglementé aux données de surveillance et de recherche en matière d’environnement. Ce portail est capable d’héberger et de publier des ensembles de données précieuses et uniques, qui sont partagées aux quatre coins de la planète. Ce faisant, EnviDat favorise la recherche et contribue à l’avancement des sciences environnementales.

en: EnviDat is the WSL data portal providing unified and managed access to environmental monitoring and research data. The portal has the capability to host and publish data sets. Through the sharing of unique and high-value data sets worldwide, EnviDat fosters research and contributes to advancing environmental science.

de: EnviDat ist das Datenportal der WSL für einen einheitlichen und verwalteten Zugang zu Umweltdaten aus Monitoring- und Forschungsprojekten. Auf dem Portal können Datensätze gehostet und veröffentlicht werden. Durch die weltweite Bereitstellung einzigartiger und wertvoller Datensätze leistet EnviDat einen Beitrag zur Forschung im Bereich der Umweltwissenschaften.

it: EnviDat è il portale dati del WSL che fornisce un accesso unificato e gestito ai dati di monitoraggio ambientale e di ricerca. Il portale ha la capacità di ospitare e pubblicare serie di dati preziosi e unici che vengono condivisi in tutto il mondo. Così facendo, EnviDat promuove la ricerca e contribuisce al progresso della scienza ambientale.

political_level: other

wsl

capacity: public

type: organization

approval_status: approved

key: guid

key: uri

value: Envidat Harvester

en: Snow depth mapping by airplane photogrammetry (2017 -  ongoing)


maintainer: Michael Lehning

en: terrestrial-laser-scanning winter-tourism snow-conservation snow snowpack snow-farming

en: Fluela .smet

en: Meteodata used as input for SNOWAPCK simulations, orginating from Station Windtunnel and DAV.

format: SERVICE

en: HS Martell spring 2015

media_type: text/plain

en:
Snow depth/ height of snow heap in spring 2015 obtained by terrestrial laserscanning
cell size: 10 cm
spatial reference: European Datum 1950 UTM
Nodata: -9999

format: TXT

mimetype: text/plain

en: HS Fluela spring 2015

en:
Snow depth/ height of snow heap in spring 2015 obtained by terrrestrial laserscanning
cell size: 10 cm
spatial reference: CH1903

en: Martell .smet

en: Meteodata used as input for SNOWAPCK simulations, orginating from Station Hintermartell.

en: HS Fluela autumn 2015

en:
Snow depth/ height of snow heap in autumn 2015 obtained by terrestrial laserscanning
cell size: 10 cm
spatial reference: CH1903
Nodata: -9999

en: Martell .sno

en: Input snow profile (.sno file) used for SNOWPACK simulations of the Martell heap

en: HS Martell autumn 2015

en:
Snow depth/ height of snow heap in autumn 2015 obtained by terrestrial laserscanning
cell size: 10 cm
spatial reference: European Datum 1950 UTM
Nodata: -9999

en: Fluela .sno

en: Input snow profile (.sno file) used for SNOWPACK simulations of the Flüela heap

en:
Two data sets obtained for snow farming projects (Fluela, Davos, CH and Martell, IT) in 2015.

The data set contains for each site:

* 10 cm GIS raster of snow depth calculated from terrestrial laserscanning surveys (TLS) in the end of winter season (April/May)

* 10 cm GIS raster of snow depth calculated from TLS in the end of summer season (October)

Input files for SNOWPACK model:

* .sno: snow profile at the end of winter

* .smet: meteorological data measured by weather stations in the area

For more details see Grünewald, T., Lehning, M., and Wolfsperger, F.: Snow farming: Conserving snow over the summer season, The Cryosphere Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2017-93, in review, 2017.

snow

display_name: snow

snow-conservation

display_name: snow-conservation

snow-farming

display_name: snow-farming

snowpack

display_name: snowpack

terrestrial-laser-scanning

display_name: terrestrial-laser-scanning

winter-tourism

display_name: winter-tourism

en: Snowfarming data set Davos and Martell 2015


en: climate-change long-term relative-humidity precipitation wind-speed swiss-forest-lab meteo meteorology temperature par

en: Data plot of the field station (SCF)

media_type: application/pdf

en: Data overview for air temperature, relative humidity, precipitation, PAR, wind speed.

format: PDF

en: Site aerial photo (Schänis)

en: Site aerial photo from both Schänis stations. Source: Google. 2016. Site aerial photo from both Schänis stations. Retrieved November 11, 2016, from https://www.google.ch/maps

en: Forest station data (SCB)

media_type: text/csv

en: Data file.

format: CSV

en: Site photo of the forest station (SCB)

en: Site photo of the forest station from below (viewing upwards the slope).

en: Field station data (SCF)

mimetype: text/csv

en: Data plot of the forest station (SCB)

en: Further details on the data repository

en: Meta data documentation.

en: Site photo of the field station (SCF)

en: Site photo of the field station from above (viewing downwards the slope).

en: High quality meteorological data are needed for long-term forest ecosystem research, particularly in the light of global change. The long-term data series published here comprises almost 20 years of measurements for two meteorological stations in Schänis in Switzerland where one station is located within a natural mixed forest stand (SCB) with European beech (_Fagus sylvatica_; 130-150 yrs), European silver fir (_Abies alba_; 130-150 yrs) and European ash (_Fraxinus excelsior_; 130-150 yrs) as dominant tree species. A second station is situated in the very vicinity outside of the forest (field station, SCF). The meteorological time series are presented in hourly time resolution of air temperature, relative humidity, precipitation, photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) and wind speed. Schänis is part of the Long-term Forest Ecosystem Research Programme (LWF) established and maintained by the Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL.

climate-change

display_name: climate-change

long-term

display_name: long-term

meteo

display_name: meteo

meteorology

display_name: meteorology

par

display_name: par

precipitation

display_name: precipitation

relative-humidity

display_name: relative-humidity

swiss-forest-lab

display_name: swiss-forest-lab

temperature

display_name: temperature

wind-speed

display_name: wind-speed

educ

en: Education, culture and sport

envidat

en: EnviDat: the Environmental Data Portal

en: EnviDat is the WSL data portal providing unified and managed access to environmental monitoring and research data. The portal has the capability to host and publish data sets. Through the sharing of unique and high-value data sets worldwide, EnviDat fosters research and contributes to advancing environmental science.

en: Schänis, Switzerland: Long-term forest meteorological data from the Long-term Forest Ecosystem Research Programme (LWF), from 1998 onwards


aerosol-data-davos-wolfgang

title_for_slug: aerosol-data-davos-wolfgang

en: drincz ice-nucleation inp aerosol particles raclets

en: APS Dataset Davos Wolfgang

en: The APS file contains aerosol data (total number concentration, median, mean, geometric mean, mode and geometric standard deviation of the size distribution) for aerodynamic diameters between 0.5 μm and ~20 μm as well as instrument characteristics, in a temporal resolution of 20 seconds, with time in UTC, measured at Davos Wolfgang.

mimetype: application/x-netcdf

en: OPC GT-526S Dataset Davos Wolfgang

en: Particle counts were recorded in six size channels (0.3, 0.5, 0.8, 1.5, 2.5 and 5 μm) in a resolution of 20 seconds (time in UTC) by a particle counter (GT-526S, Met One Instruments, Inc.).

en: DRINCZ Dataset Davos Wolfgang

en: The DRINCZ file contains information on temperature (in °C) dependent frozen fractions, number of Ice Nuleating Particles (INP, per standard liter) and differential INP concentrations (per standard liter and Kelvin).

en: OPC-N3 Dataset Davos Wolfgang

en: Particle concentrations in a size range of 0.35 μm to 40 μm were measured with an OPC-N3 (Alphasense, Inc.) in a resolution of 20 seconds (time in UTC). PM₁, PM₂,₅ and PM₁₀ were directly derived.

en: SMPS Dataset Davos Wolfgang

en: The SMPS file contains aerosol data (particle concentration, total number concentration, median, mean, geometric mean, mode and geometric standard deviation of the size distribution) in a size range between 12 and 460 nm (electrical mobility diameter) as well as instrument characteristics (sample temperature, pressure, relative humidity, mean free path and gas viscosity), in a temporal resolution of 2 minutes, with time in UTC, measured at Davos Wolfgang.

en:
Aerosol properties were measured between February 8 and March 31 2019 at the measurement site Davos Wolfgang (LON: 9.853594, LAT: 46.835577). Optical and aerodynamic particle counters, as well as a scanning mobility particle size spectrometer and an ice nuclei counter were deployed to report particle concentrations and size distributions in fine (10-1000 nm) and coarse mode (> 1000 nm), cloud condensation nuclei concentrations (CCNCs) and ice nuclei particle concentrations (ICNCs). The ambient particles were transported via a heated inlet to be distributed to the particle detecting devices inside the setup room.

Optical Particle Counter (OPC): Light scattering of a diode laser beam caused by travelling particles is used in the both, the OPC-N3 (0.41 - 38.5 μm) and GT-526S (0.3 – 5 μm), to determine their size and number concentration. For the OPC-N3, particle size spectra and concentration data are used afterwards to calculate PM₁, PM₂,₅ and PM₁₀ (assumptions: particle density: 1.65 g cmˉ³, refractive index: 1.5+i0).

Aerodynamic Particle Sizer (APS): The APS (3321, TSI Inc.) measured the particle size distribution for aerodynamic diameters between 0.5 μm and ~20 μm by the particle’s time-of-flight and light-scattering intensity (assumptions: particle density 1 g cmˉ³).

Scanning Mobility Particle Size Spectrometer (SMPS): Particle number concentrations in a size range between 12 and 460 nm (electrical mobility diameter) were measured at Davos Wolfgang, using a Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer Spectrometer (3938, TSI Inc.). The classifier (3082, TSI Inc.) was equipped with a neutralizer (3088, TSI Inc.) and a differential mobility analyzer working with negative polarity (3081, TSI Inc.). The size selected particles were counted by a water-based condensation particle counter (3788 , TSI Inc.). The TSI AIM software was used to provide particle size distributions by applying multiple charge and diffusion loss corrections (assumptions: particle density 1 g cmˉ³).

Coriolis μ and DRINCZ: A microbial air sampler (Coriolis μ, bertin Instruments) was used to collect airborne particles for investigating their ice nucleating ability with a droplet freezing device. Particles larger than 0.5 μm were drawn with an air flow rate of up to 300 l minˉ¹ into the cone and centrifuged into the wall of the cone due to the forming vortex. The liquid sample was transferred into the DRoplet Ice Nuclei Counter Zurich (DRINCZ, ETH Zurich) to study heterogeneous ice formation (immersion freezing mode) of ambient airborne particles.

aerosol

display_name: aerosol

drincz

display_name: drincz

ice-nucleation

display_name: ice-nucleation

inp

display_name: inp

particles

display_name: particles

raclets

display_name: raclets

en: Aerosol Data Davos Wolfgang


en: snow alpine3d-simulations snow-cover alpine3d snow-hydrology snow-distribution alpine-precipitation

en: ADS datasets and simulation inputs

media_type: application/zip

en: The file contains the ADS datasets of snow depth and input data used for simulations.

format: ZIP

mimetype: application/zip

en:
Dataset (Model input, snow distribution and validation) for the precipitation scaling paper, which should be cited along with the data set citation.

This data is useful for distributed hydrological modelling or other tasks that involve the study of snow distribution and precipitation in the high Alpine.

The format of the data is for Alpine3D (models.slf.ch) model runs but other models could be used, too.

Please cite:

_Vögeli, C., Lehning, M., Wever, N., Bavay M., 2016: Scaling Precipitation Input to Spatially Distributed Hydrological Models by Measured Snow Distribution., Front. Earth Sci. 4: 108. doi: 10.3389/feart.2016.00108._

Dataset is provided as a single zip file.
The archive contains two directories, the valuable distributed snow depth maps for the landscape Davos and the simulation input.
The archive also contains the file: "ReadMeMetadataDataSetPrecipitationScaling" which explains the data structure.

alpine-precipitation

display_name: alpine-precipitation

snow

display_name: snow

snow-cover

display_name: snow-cover

snow-distribution

display_name: snow-distribution

snow-hydrology

display_name: snow-hydrology

educ

en: Education, culture and sport

en: Precipitation Scaling Data Set (Vögeli et al., Frontiers)


betreuungsgebiete-naturschutz

regi

fr: Régions et villes

de: Regionen und Städte

en: Regions and cities

it: Regioni e città

envi

fr: Environnement

de: Umwelt

en: Environment

it: Ambiente

title_for_slug: betreuungsgebiete-naturschutz

label: geocat.ch permalink

fr: WFS für Open-Government-Data des Kantons Zürich (OGD ZH WFS)

format: WFS

fr: Die überkommunalen Naturschutzgebiete werden in den hier abgebildeten Gebiete von verschiedenen Naturschutzbeauftragten betreut. Bei den Gebieten handelt es sich um die Perimeter, die für eine vierjährige Betreuungsperiode jeweils über eine Submission vergeben werden.

spatial: Kanton Zürich

geoinformation-kanton-zuerich

fr: Département de Géoinformation du Canton de Zurich

de: Geoinformation Kanton Zürich

en: Department of Geoinformation of the Canton of Zurich

it: Dipartimento della geoinformazione del Cantone di Zurigo

fr:
Le département de géomatique est le centre de compétence du system d'information géographique du canton de Zurich.
Nous coordinons l'aquisition des géodonnées d'intérêt commun sur le territoire cantonal et les mettons à disposition des
secteurs public et privé et des particuliers.

en:
The department of geoinformation is the geospatial competency center of the Canton of Zurich.
We coordinate the acquisition of geodata within the cantonal territory and provide public, private, and government sectors with data of outstanding quality.

de: Die Abteilung Geoinformation ist das Kompetenzzentrum für räumliche Informationen im Kanton Zürich. Wir versorgen Gesellschaft, Wirtschaft und öffentliche Verwaltung mit qualitativ hochstehenden Geodaten und Informationen über den Kanton Zürich.

it: La divisione della geoinformazione è il centro d'eccellenza del Cantone di Zurigo per dati georeferenziati. Mettiamo a disposizione dati geografici e informazioni di alta qualità per l'economia, la società e la pubblica amministrazione su tutto il cantone.

political_level: canton

value: ZH - Geocat Harvester

fr: Betreuungsgebiete Naturschutz

de: Betreuungsgebiete Naturschutz

en: Betreuungsgebiete Naturschutz

it: Betreuungsgebiete Naturschutz


heal

fr: Santé

de: Gesundheit

en: Health

it: Salute

label: Les services sont exposés au travers de l'API REST d'ArcGIS Server. Interfaces supportées : REST - SOAP - WMS - WFS

label: "Lien vers le géoportail SITG pour prévisualisation de la donnée"

fr: SERVICE DE TELECHARGEMENT

de: SERVICE DE TELECHARGEMENT

en: SERVICE DE TELECHARGEMENT

it: SERVICE DE TELECHARGEMENT

fr: Les données vectorielles sont disponibles sous forme de fichiers.zip, incluant la donnée dans le format choisi, sa fiche de métadonnée (.pdf) ainsi que les conditions générales d'utilisation (.pdf). Sauf exception, les formats suivant sont proposés: SHAPE (ESRI) - Geodatabase-File (ESRI) - GML - KML - CSV

fr: L'Office médico-pédagogique (OMP) est reconnu par la Direction générale de la santé comme un établissement médical public, qui assure des soins psychiques destinées aux mineurs scolarisés dans les établissements publics ou résidant dans le canton de Genève. Le pôle médico-psychologique couvre dans ce cadre les prestations de soins, de promotion et de prévention de la santé (consultations, centres et interventions en milieu scolaire). Les consultations de l'OMP proposent une aide aux enfants et adolescents rencontrant des difficultés médico-psychologiques, logopédiques ou de psychomotricité.

spatial: Genève

name: Direction générale de l'Office Médico-Pédagogique

fr: SITG - Système d'information du territoire à Genève

de: SITG - Genfer Geoinformationssystem

en: SITG - The territorial information system of Geneva

it: SITG - Sistema informativo territoriale di Ginevra

fr: Le Système d’Information du Territoire à Genève (SITG) est un organisme fondé sur un réseau de partenaires publics ayant pour but de coordonner, centraliser et diffuser les géodonnées relatives au territoire genevois, produites dans le cadre de leurs missions.

de: Das Genfer Geoinformationssystem (SITG) ist eine Organisation zur Koordination, Zentralisierung und Bereitstellung sämtlicher Geodaten, die durch verschiedene öffentliche Einrichtungen im Rahmen ihrer Missionen produziert werden.

en: The territorial information system of Geneva (SITG) is an organization based on a network of public partners aiming to coordinate, centralize and distribute the geodata of the territory of Geneva.

it: Il Sistema Informativo Territoriale di Ginevra (SITG) è un'organizzazione basata su una rete di partner pubblici con lo scopo di coordinare, centralizzare e pubblicare i dati spaziale del territorio di Ginevra, prodotti come parte delle loro missioni.

value: SITG - Geocat Harvester

fr: POLE MEDICO-PSYCHOLOGIQUE DE L'OFFICE MEDICO-PEDAGOGIQUE


arrondissements-postaux

educ

fr: Éducation, culture et sport

ener

fr: Énergie

de: Energie

en: Energy

it: Energia

title_for_slug: arrondissements-postaux

de: Les données vectorielles sont disponibles sous forme de fichiers.zip, incluant la donnée dans le format choisi, sa fiche de métadonnée (.pdf) ainsi que les conditions générales d'utilisation (.pdf). Sauf exception, les formats suivant sont proposés: SHAPE (ESRI) - Geodatabase-File (ESRI) - GML - KML - CSV

fr: Représentation graphique des zones couvertes par les numéros postaux d'acheminement (NPA) sur le canton de Genève. La ville de Genève et son agglomération sont divisés en plusieurs secteurs de distribution, ayant chacun leur propre NPA. Les NPA permettent de rationaliser les opérations de tri et d'accélérer l'acheminement des envois. L'adresse postale ne correspond pas forcément au territoire de la commune politique sur lequel elle se situe; il importe donc de toujours se référer à la nomenclature officielle selon le découpage en NPA de la poste.

name: Direction de l'information du territoire

fr: ARRONDISSEMENTS POSTAUX

de: ARRONDISSEMENTS POSTAUX

en: ARRONDISSEMENTS POSTAUX

it: ARRONDISSEMENTS POSTAUX


soci

fr: Population et société

de: Bevölkerung und Gesellschaft

en: Population and society

it: Popolazione e società

regi

fr: Régions et villes

envi

fr: Environnement

tran

fr: Transports

de: Verkehr

en: Transport

it: Trasporti

en: Les données vectorielles sont disponibles sous forme de fichiers.zip, incluant la donnée dans le format choisi, sa fiche de métadonnée (.pdf) ainsi que les conditions générales d'utilisation (.pdf). Sauf exception, les formats suivant sont proposés: SHAPE (ESRI) - Geodatabase-File (ESRI) - GML - KML - CSV

fr: Les souterrains des anciennes fortifications (XVIe-XVIIIe siècle) ont été digitalisés sur la base de plans d'origine et de relevés anciens (XVIIIe-XXe siècle), de relevés effectués dans les années 1970 par le Service cantonal de géologie, de reconstitutions hypothétiques (Louis Blondel et Anastazja Winiger-Labuda) et de relevés réalisés dans les années 2010-2020 par la Direction de l'information du territoire, par mandat (Hydro-Geol, Archéotech) ou en collaboration avec la Brigade Recherches et Technique du Département de la sécurité, de la population et de la santé (DSPS). Le plan mis ici à disposition résulte par conséquent de l'association de sources très diverses, certaines ne présentant pas une fiabilité absolue. Néanmoins, les relevés dressés du XVIIIe siècle aux années 1970 ont été analysés, confrontés, comparés et géolocalisés, afin de proposer une hypothèse la plus probable. Par ailleurs, faute de relevés, une partie du réseau est purement hypothétique ; son tracé résulte des logiques du plan d'ensemble et d'emprunts aux caractéristiques des ouvrages connus. Ces distinctions sont clairement identifiées dans la table attributaire. La connaissance des souterrains des anciennes fortifications est essentiellement celle des espaces de circulation. Les structures maconnées dans lesquelles ceux-ci s'insèrent sont en revanche très mal connues. Des photographies anciennes et des constats opérés à l'occasion de travaux permettent d'imaginer que les gaines atteignent jusqu'à deux mètres d'épaisseur (ouvrages de 4 à 5 m de largeur en tout) et peuvent se développer en hauteur quasiment jusqu'à la surface (en fonction des démolitions opérées au XIXe siècle). La couche distingue par conséquent une «emprise bâtie supposée» (2D). Les premiers éléments de cette couche ont été rassemblés en 2021 par M. Francois Florimond Fluck, dans le cadre d'un stage organisé conjointement par la Direction de l'information du territoire et le Service de l'inventaire des monuments d'art et d'histoire. La couche publiée a été réalisée en 2022 par M. Juan Felipe Aguilera Barreto, dans le cadre d'une convention de stage passée par l'Office du patrimoine et des sites avec le Département de géographie de l'Université de Genève pour le Certificat complémentaire en Géomatique.

fr: EMPRISES BATIES SUPPOSEES DES OUVRAGES SOUTERRAINS (Anciennes fortifications)


agri

fr: Agriculture, pêche, sylviculture et alimentation

de: Landwirtschaft, Fischerei, Forstwirtschaft und Nahrungsmittel

en: Agriculture, fisheries, forestry and food

it: Agricoltura, pesca, silvicoltura e prodotti alimentari

it: Les données vectorielles sont disponibles sous forme de fichiers.zip, incluant la donnée dans le format choisi, sa fiche de métadonnée (.pdf) ainsi que les conditions générales d'utilisation (.pdf). Sauf exception, les formats suivant sont proposés: SHAPE (ESRI) - Geodatabase-File (ESRI) - GML - KML - CSV

fr: Les bas-marais, témoins des paysages d'autrefois, régressent fortement. Ils abritent une biocénose composée de plantes et d'animaux étroitement liés les uns aux autres et parmi lesquels se trouve un grand nombre d'espèces menacées. Cette classe d'entité contient les bas marais d'importance régionale et nationale. Bas marais d'importance nationale: L'inventaire des bas-marais a été réalisé de 1987 à 1990 par une communauté de travail mandatée par la Confédération. Aux termes de l'art. 18a de la loi fédérale du 1er juillet 1966 sur la protection de la nature et du paysage (LPN), le Conseil fédéral désigne les biotopes d'importance nationale, détermine la situation de ces derniers et précise les buts visés par la protection. Il ne le fait qu'après avoir pris l'avis des cantons. C'est en 1994 que le Conseil fédéral a mis en vigueur l'ordonnance sur les bas-marais ainsi que l'inventaire, qui comprenait alors une première série de 728 objets. Une deuxième série de 364 objets suivait en 1997 et la troisième série de 71 objets en 1998. Une nouvelle révision est en cours et une série de nouveaux objets seront intégrés dans l'inventaire à fin 2014. Pour Genève, quatre nouveaux sites sont proposés (Prés Béroux, Marais de Mategnin, Marais de la Haute Seymaz et Bois d'Avault) » Bas marais d'importance régionale: Ces objets font partie de l'inventaire exhaustif des bas-marais réalisé de 1987 à 1990, mais ils n'ont pas été retenus comme objets d'importance nationale souvent en raison d'une surface totale insuffisante. Ces objets sont aussi protégés par la LPN.

name: Office cantonal de l'agriculture et de la nature

fr: INVENTAIRE FEDERAL DES BAS-MARAIS D'IMPORTANCE NATIONALE


fr: SERVICE DE TELECHARGEMENT

fr: Les données vectorielles sont disponibles sous forme de fichiers.zip, incluant la donnée dans le format choisi, sa fiche de métadonnée (.pdf) ainsi que les conditions générales d'utilisation (.pdf). Sauf exception, les formats suivant sont proposés: SHAPE (ESRI) - Geodatabase-File (ESRI) - GML - KML - CSV

fr: Les batraciens sont fortement menacés. A l'exception de la grenouille rousse, toutes les espèces encore présentes en Suisse figurent sur la liste rouge des espèces rares et menacées. L'ordonnance sur la protection des sites de reproduction de batraciens d'importance nationale doit permettre de conserver les habitats spécifiques des espèces particulièrement menacées. Les biotopes fixes correspondent aux objets suivants: - les étangs - les mares temporaires et autres petits plans d'eau

fr: INVENTAIRE FEDERAL DES SITES DE REPRODUCTION DES BATRACIENS FIXES


fr: CARTE DU RISQUE DE PERTES EN SOL PAR EROSION DES SOLS CULTIVES (4 tonnes) L'érosion des sols cultivés amène dans les eaux de surface des quantités non négligeables de phosphore, de matières organiques et de pesticides. Ces apports nuisent à la qualité des eaux et il convient de les minimiser, , par des mesures de lutte contre l'érosion. Pour le sol, le risque de diminution de la fertilité dépend essentiellement des quantités de terre perdues par érosion et de l'épaisseur du sol (cf. carte du risque d'érosion pour les sols cultivés). Pour les eaux de surface, la menace est fonction des quantités de terre érodées, des teneurs en substances indésirables (p. ex. le phosphore ou les résidus de pesticides) et de la part de terre érodée qui arrive dans les eaux de surface. Les cartes du risque de pertes en sol par érosion représentent pour les sols cultivés du canton de Genève (grandes cultures, vignes et herbages permanents) la probabilité (en cinq classes) que les pertes en sol dépassent un seuil prédéfini. Ces seuils ont été fixés à 1, 2 et 4 tonnes de sol par hectare et par an.

fr: SITG - Système d'information du territoire à Genève

fr: Le Système d’Information du Territoire à Genève (SITG) est un organisme fondé sur un réseau de partenaires publics ayant pour but de coordonner, centraliser et diffuser les géodonnées relatives au territoire genevois, produites dans le cadre de leurs missions.

fr: RISQUE PERTES SOL - EROSION SOLS CULTIVES (4 tonnes)


en: land-use-transformations land-use-change land-use-simulations digital-zoning-plans spatial-planning

en: Legend simulated maps

en:
Table of Content: 1. General context of the data set "LUSzoning”; 2. Background and aims of the study using the data set LUSzoning; 3. The data set LUSzoning.
1. General context of the data set "LUSzoning".
The data set "LUSzoning" stands for Land-use simulations integrating zoning regulations in Spanish functional urban areas. The data set has been generated as part of the CONCUR research project (https://www.wsl.ch/en/projects/concur.html) led by Dr. Anna M. Hersperger and funded by the Swiss National Science Foundation (ERC TBS Consolidator Grant (ID: BSCGIO 157789) for the period 2016-2021. The CONCUR research project is interdisciplinary and aims to develop a scientific basis for adequately integrating spatial policies (in this case, digital zoning plans) into quantitative land-change modelling approaches at the urban regional level.
2.	Background and aims of the study using the data set “LUSzoning”.
As part of the CONCUR project, a specific task was to integrate planning spatial policies in land-change modelling. Planning can be implemented in modelling using either hard or gradual restrictions. Different studies have addressed the inclusion of spatial planning policies in land-use change modelling. However, the integration of zoning constraints is generally established as hard or Boolean-based restrictions (e.g., whether urban development is allowed or not), while not accounting for the spatial heterogeneity or gradual characteristics within planning zones (e.g., whether planning regulations allow low, medium or high urban density), though these could improve real patterns simulations in urban areas. We assume Spanish General Zoning plans were suitable to explore the integration of planning into land-change modelling as soft constrains because they define land-use intensities in the buildable zoning areas. In light of the above considerations, the overall aim of the study was to model urban land-use changes using a multi-scenario approach that integrates digitized zoning plans for the Functional Urban Areas (FUAs) of Madrid, Barcelona, Valencia, and Zaragoza. The following specific objectives were addressed: i) to analyse the role of planning by defining three future scenarios that integrate digitized zoning plans and one scenario that assumes almost no planning intervention; ii) to introduce zoning constraints that reflect different degrees of urban densities; iii) to generate a transferable spatially-explicit modelling framework to integrate planning into land-use change simulations.
Four future land-use demands scenarios were defined for the FUAs. Storylines were created considering probable development scenarios related to zoning plans, current Spanish legislation and sustainability goals defined along two axes: a high market-oriented vs. high planning-intervention axis, and an axis of short-term economic growth vs. long-term sustainable growth. The sustainable development scenario (S1) is characterized by low gross floor area (GFA) growth that is limited to areas that are currently under development according to zoning plans. The business-as-usual scenario (S2) is characterized by medium GFA growth in the range of on-going trends. The strong development scenario (S3) is characterized by high GFA growth rates. Growth is restricted to buildable areas without urbanization project designated in zoning plans. The unrestricted development scenario (S4) prioritizes a high degree of market liberalization characterized by high GFA growth that surpasses population demands. S4 follows a rapid economic growth pattern with almost no planning intervention.
3.	 The data set “LUSzoning”.
The dataset includes 16 .asc raster layers providing the simulated land-uses under four defined scenarios for Barcelona, Madrid, Valencia and Zaragoza Functional Urban Areas (FUAs) for 2030. The simulated raster layers were created using CLUMondo simulation framework and have a spatial resolution of 30m. The .asc layers name include the name of the FUA and scenario number. For example, the output from simulating the urban growth for the city of Zaragoza under Scenario 2 is named “Zaragoza_S2.tif”. Furthermore, a .txt file named “Legend.txt” includes the numeric value of the land-use and the category of land-use that represents to interpret the .asc raster layers. The name of the land-use classes is a reclassification of the Urban Atlas 2012 land-use classes within the four Spanish FUAs analyzed.

digital-zoning-plans

display_name: digital-zoning-plans

land-use-change

display_name: land-use-change

land-use-simulations

display_name: land-use-simulations

land-use-transformations

display_name: land-use-transformations

spatial-planning

display_name: spatial-planning

educ

fr: Éducation, culture et sport

de: Bildung, Kultur und Sport

en: Education, culture and sport

it: Istruzione, cultura e sport

envidat

fr: EnviDat: le portail de données environnementales

de: EnviDat: das Umwelt-Datenportal

en: EnviDat: the Environmental Data Portal

it: EnviDat: il portale dei dati ambientali

fr: EnviDat est le portail de données du WSL; il offre un accès uniformisé et réglementé aux données de surveillance et de recherche en matière d’environnement. Ce portail est capable d’héberger et de publier des ensembles de données précieuses et uniques, qui sont partagées aux quatre coins de la planète. Ce faisant, EnviDat favorise la recherche et contribue à l’avancement des sciences environnementales.

en: EnviDat is the WSL data portal providing unified and managed access to environmental monitoring and research data. The portal has the capability to host and publish data sets. Through the sharing of unique and high-value data sets worldwide, EnviDat fosters research and contributes to advancing environmental science.

en: LUSzoning: Land-use simulations integrating zoning regulations in Spanish functional urban areas


regi

fr: Régions et villes

de: Regionen und Städte

en: Regions and cities

it: Regioni e città

envi

fr: Environnement

en: Environment

fr: Les dessertes forestières sont subdivisées en 4 classes en fonction de leur largeur: - chemin à camion - piste à machine - chemin de loisirs - sentier La carte du réseau cavalier différencie les situations suivantes: - réseau cavalier - jonction supplémentaire - troncon retirés du réseau

fr: PLAN DIRECTEUR FORESTIER - DESSERTES ET RESEAU CAVALIER


en: griesgletscher orthoimage glacier dem dsm gletscher orthophoto uav sankt-annafirn alps drone findelengletscher

en: Bulk Data Access

en: Link to the S3 bucket where all the data resources can be downloaded in bulk

en:
This .zip folder contains:

 - An orthoimage (oi) of 0.1m resolution

- A Digital Surface Model (dsm) of 0.1m resolution

- The Agisoft Photoscan automatic processing report

for the UAV field campaign conducted on the Findelengletscher on the 15th of September 2015.

en:
This .zip folder contains:

 - An orthoimage (oi) of 0.1m resolution

- A Digital Surface Model (dsm) of 0.1m resolution

- The Agisoft Photoscan automatic processing report

for the UAV field campaign conducted on the Sankt Annafirn on the 28th of September 2015.

en: This .pdf contains an orthoimage for each dataset as well as a Table which displays the number of flights made, image acquired, number of GCP set and the total area covered.

mimetype: application/pdf

en:
This .zip folder contains:

 - An orthoimage (oi) of 0.1m resolution

- A Digital Surface Model (dsm) of 0.1m resolution

- The Agisoft Photoscan automatic processing report

for the UAV field campaign conducted on the Findelengletscher on the 2nd of July 2016.

en: This folder contains all UAV flights paths that we created for the Sankt Annafirn, the Findelengletscher and Griesgletscher. They have been created with the software eMotion2, that was developped for the eBee platform from Sensefly.

en:
This .zip folder contains:

 - An orthoimage (oi) of 0.1m resolution

- A Digital Surface Model (dsm) of 0.1m resolution

- The Agisoft Photoscan automatic processing report

for the UAV field campaign conducted on the Sankt Annafirn on the 15th of April 2015.

en:
This .zip folder contains:

 - An orthoimage (oi) of 0.1m resolution

- A Digital Surface Model (dsm) of 0.1m resolution

- The Agisoft Photoscan automatic processing report

for the UAV field campaign conducted on the Griesgletscher on the 13th of September 2016.

en:
This .zip folder contains:

 - An orthoimage (oi) of 0.1m resolution

- A Digital Surface Model (dsm) of 0.1m resolution

- The Agisoft Photoscan automatic processing report

for the UAV field campaign conducted on the Findelengletscher on the 30th of August 2016.

en:
This .zip folder contains:

 - An orthoimage (oi) of 0.1m resolution

- A Digital Surface Model (dsm) of 0.1m resolution

- The Agisoft Photoscan automatic processing report

for the UAV field campaign conducted on the Griesgletscher on the 15th of August 2015.

en:
This .zip folder contains:

 - An orthoimage (oi) of 0.1m resolution

- A Digital Surface Model (dsm) of 0.1m resolution

- The Agisoft Photoscan automatic processing report

for the UAV field campaign conducted on the Findelengletscher on the 21th of July 2015.

en:
This .zip folder contains:

 - An orthoimage (oi) of 0.1m resolution

- A Digital Surface Model (dsm) of 0.1m resolution

- The Agisoft Photoscan automatic processing report

for the UAV field campaign conducted on the Findelengletscher on the 22th of September 2016.

en:
This .zip folder contains:

 - An orthoimage (oi) of 0.1m resolution

- A Digital Surface Model (dsm) of 0.1m resolution

- The Agisoft Photoscan automatic processing report

for the UAV field campaign conducted on the Griesgletscher on the 3rd of August 2015.

en:
This .zip folder contains:

 - An orthoimage (oi) of 0.1m resolution

- A Digital Surface Model (dsm) of 0.1m resolution

- The Agisoft Photoscan automatic processing report

for the UAV field campaign conducted on the Sankt Annafirn on the 15th of July 2015.

en:
This .zip folder contains:

 - An orthoimage (oi) of 0.1m resolution

- A Digital Surface Model (dsm) of 0.1m resolution

- The Agisoft Photoscan automatic processing report

for the UAV field campaign conducted on the Findelengletscher on the 09th of April 2015.

en:
This .zip folder contains:

 - An orthoimage (oi) of 0.1m resolution

- A Digital Surface Model (dsm) of 0.1m resolution

- The Agisoft Photoscan automatic processing report

for the UAV field campaign conducted on the Findelengletscher on the 19th of April 2016.

en:
This .zip folder contains:

 - An orthoimage (oi) of 0.1m resolution

- A Digital Surface Model (dsm) of 0.1m resolution

- The Agisoft Photoscan automatic processing report

for the UAV field campaign conducted on the Griesgletscher on the 26th of September 2015.

en:
 UAV-derived DSMs and orthoimages

Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) surveys were conducted between 2015 and 2016 on the Sankt Annafirn, Findelen- and Griesgletscher, situated in the Swiss Alps. Three surveys at the Sankt Annafirn allowed for a full glacier coverage, four surveys at Griesgletscher allowed an almost full glacier coverage and seven surveys at Findelengletscher allowed for a partial coverage of the glacier tongue (see individual datasets for exact extent). For each survey, a high resolution orthoimage and a Digital Surface Model (DSM) was created.

 UAV surveys:

Prior flight, Ground Control Points (GCPs) were deployed on the glacier surface and measured with a differential GPS (Trimble R7 or Leica GPS 1200). They allowed precise georeferencing of the UAV-derived datasets. UAV flight plans were planned with the software *eMotion 2* and a SenseFly eBee was used as surveying platform. The images were then processed with the software Agisoft Photoscan Pro 1.1.6 .

The location and dates of each survey can be found in the table together with the number of flights performed (Nflights), the number of acquired images (Nimages), the number of GCPs set (NGCPs) and the surveyed area.

A folder for each dataset is available (see folder name in table), which contains:

- An orthoimage *glacier_date_photoscan_oi_CH1903+_LV95_0.1m.tif*

- A Digital Surface Model *glacier_date_photoscan_dsm_CH1903+_LV95_0.1m.tif*

- The Agisoft Photoscan automatic processing report  *glacier_date_photoscan_report.pdf*

where:

- *glacier* is the name of the surveyed glacier

- *date* is the date of the UAV image acquisition

- *photoscan* is the name of the photogrammetric software

- *oi* or *dsm* the type of dataset

- *CH1903+_LV95* is the coordinate system and datum of the dataset

- *0.1m* is the resolution of the dataset in meter

- *.tif* is the extention of the dataset

Details about the UAV surveys, the image processing and the accuracy of the UAV-derived products can be found in this publication below.

Paper Citation:
 > _Gindraux et al. 2017. Accuracy Assessment of Digital Surface Models from Unmanned Aerial Vehicles’Imagery on Glaciers, Remote Sensing, 9, 186, 1-15, [doi: 10.3390/rs9020186](https://doi.org/10.3390/rs9020186)._

The folder UAV_flight_paths.zip contains all UAV flights performed on the Sankt Annafirn, Findelengletscher and Griesgletscher. The flights were planned with the software eMotion2 and have the .afp extention.

alps

display_name: alps

dem

display_name: dem

drone

display_name: drone

dsm

display_name: dsm

findelengletscher

display_name: findelengletscher

glacier

display_name: glacier

gletscher

display_name: gletscher

griesgletscher

display_name: griesgletscher

orthoimage

display_name: orthoimage

orthophoto

display_name: orthophoto

sankt-annafirn

display_name: sankt-annafirn

uav

display_name: uav

envidat

de: EnviDat ist das Datenportal der WSL für einen einheitlichen und verwalteten Zugang zu Umweltdaten aus Monitoring- und Forschungsprojekten. Auf dem Portal können Datensätze gehostet und veröffentlicht werden. Durch die weltweite Bereitstellung einzigartiger und wertvoller Datensätze leistet EnviDat einen Beitrag zur Forschung im Bereich der Umweltwissenschaften.

it: EnviDat è il portale dati del WSL che fornisce un accesso unificato e gestito ai dati di monitoraggio ambientale e di ricerca. Il portale ha la capacità di ospitare e pubblicare serie di dati preziosi e unici che vengono condivisi in tutto il mondo. Così facendo, EnviDat promuove la ricerca e contribuisce al progresso della scienza ambientale.

en: UAV-derived Digital Surface Models and orthoimages for three alpine glaciers


recensement-honegger

soci

fr: Population et société

en: Population and society

regi

en: Regions and cities

title_for_slug: recensement-honegger

en: SERVICE DE TELECHARGEMENT

en: Les données vectorielles sont disponibles sous forme de fichiers.zip, incluant la donnée dans le format choisi, sa fiche de métadonnée (.pdf) ainsi que les conditions générales d'utilisation (.pdf). Sauf exception, les formats suivant sont proposés: SHAPE (ESRI) - Geodatabase-File (ESRI) - GML - KML - CSV

fr: Ce recensement architectural présente les réalisations du bureau Honegger Frères durant la période 1930-1969. Il a été établi entre 2005 et 2007 par l'Institut d'architecture de l'université de Genève (IAUG) en partenariat avec le Service des monumentset des sites (SMS).

en: SITG - The territorial information system of Geneva

en: The territorial information system of Geneva (SITG) is an organization based on a network of public partners aiming to coordinate, centralize and distribute the geodata of the territory of Geneva.

fr: RECENSEMENT HONEGGER

de: RECENSEMENT HONEGGER

en: RECENSEMENT HONEGGER

it: RECENSEMENT HONEGGER


agri

fr: Agriculture, pêche, sylviculture et alimentation

en: Agriculture, fisheries, forestry and food

envi

de: Umwelt

en: Environment

it: Ambiente

fr: SERVICE DE TELECHARGEMENT

fr: Les données vectorielles sont disponibles sous forme de fichiers.zip, incluant la donnée dans le format choisi, sa fiche de métadonnée (.pdf) ainsi que les conditions générales d'utilisation (.pdf). Sauf exception, les formats suivant sont proposés: SHAPE (ESRI) - Geodatabase-File (ESRI) - GML - KML - CSV

fr: Carte phytosociologique des forêts publiée en 1963 dans les mémoires de l'institut suisse de recherches forestières. Cette étude a été menée par Messieurs Hermann Etter et Pierre-David Morier Genoud. Cette carte a été établie sur des données récoltées jusqu'en 1948 et publiée en 1963

fr: CARTE PHYTOSOCIOLOGIQUE DES FORETS (1963)


fr: CARTE DU RISQUE DE PERTES EN SOL PAR EROSION DES SOLS CULTIVES (1 tonne) L'érosion des sols cultivés amène dans les eaux de surface des quantités non négligeables de phosphore, de matières organiques et de pesticides. Ces apports nuisent à la qualité des eaux et il convient de les minimiser, , par des mesures de lutte contre l'érosion. Pour le sol, le risque de diminution de la fertilité dépend essentiellement des quantités de terre perdues par érosion et de l'épaisseur du sol (cf. carte du risque d'érosion pour les sols cultivés). Pour les eaux de surface, la menace est fonction des quantités de terre érodées, des teneurs en substances indésirables (p. ex. le phosphore ou les résidus de pesticides) et de la part de terre érodée qui arrive dans les eaux de surface. Les cartes du risque de pertes en sol par érosion représentent pour les sols cultivés du canton de Genève (grandes cultures, vignes et herbages permanents) la probabilité (en cinq classes) que les pertes en sol dépassent un seuil prédéfini. Ces seuils ont été fixés à 1, 2 et 4 tonnes de sol par hectare et par an.

fr: SITG - Système d'information du territoire à Genève

fr: Le Système d’Information du Territoire à Genève (SITG) est un organisme fondé sur un réseau de partenaires publics ayant pour but de coordonner, centraliser et diffuser les géodonnées relatives au territoire genevois, produites dans le cadre de leurs missions.

fr: RISQUE PERTES SOL - EROSION SOLS CULTIVES (1 tonne)


sondages-pedologiques

title_for_slug: sondages-pedologiques

fr: La carte des sondages pédologiques donne des informations sur les sondages qui ont permis l'élaboration de la carte pédologique des sols agricoles. Chaque sondage renseigne sur les types de sols, leur profondeur et leurs propriétés. Ces sondages ont été levés en 1984 et 1985 par une équipe de pédologues sous la conduite de Michel Gratier et Phillippe de Pury (1- Voir les éléments liés). Le mandant était le Service de l'agriculture qui a financé sa finalisation. Les données de sondages quant à elles n'ont pas été numérisées. Cette carte est un moyen de sauvegarder ces données en complétant la carte pédologique des sols agricoles. La classification utilisée lors des relevés de sondages est celle de la CPCS (Commission de Pédologie et de Cartographie des Sols) (2- Voir les éléments liés).

fr: SONDAGES PEDOLOGIQUES

de: SONDAGES PEDOLOGIQUES

en: SONDAGES PEDOLOGIQUES

it: SONDAGES PEDOLOGIQUES


regi

fr: Régions et villes

envi

fr: Environnement

fr: Réseaux écologiques, composés de structures naturelles reliées entre elles telles que - cordons boisés riverains - prairies extensives - jachères florales - haies composées d'essences indigènes - allées d'arbres qui permettent à la grande faune de se déplacer (cerfs, chevreuils, sangliers).

fr: CORRIDORS POUR LE DEPLACEMENT DE LA GRANDE FAUNE


agglo-infrastructure-ecologique

title_for_slug: agglo-infrastructure-ecologique

fr: Le Pôle métropolitain du Genevois francais, la Région de Nyon et l'Etat de Genève se sont associé pour disposer d'une cartographie de l'Infrastructure Écologique (IE) à l'échelle du Grand Genève et de chacun de leur périmètre respectif. Cette IE, élaborée par GE21, est définie comme un réseau d'aires (semi-)naturelles connectées permettant une priorisation des objectifs de conservation de la nature. Elle apporte des données essentielles dans le cadre de diverses démarches engagées sur le territoire du Grand Genève, notamment: - Étude environnementale stratégique de la démarche VTT (Vision Transfrontalière Territoriale) - AMI Zéro Artificialisation Nette dont le Pôle métropolitain du Genevois francais est lauréat - Infrastructure Écologique du Canton de Genève (Stratégies biodiversité suisse et cantonale) Cette classe d'entités représente les surfaces considérées comme faisant partie de l'infrastructure écologique du Grand Genève, à savoir, les meilleurs 30% du territoire du point de vue d'un diagnostic combinant les critères suivants: composition, structure, connectivité et services écosystémiques. Les données de diagnostic de base, structurées dans des hexagones d'environ 540 m2 (AGGLO_IE_DIAGNOSTIC) sont accessible en téléchargement via le catalogue SITG et consultables sur le site https://arcg.is/1vf1KH0. Les hexagones concernés en 2022 par des mesures de protection sont distingués.

fr: AGGLO - INFRASTRUCTURE ECOLOGIQUE

de: AGGLO - INFRASTRUCTURE ECOLOGIQUE

en: AGGLO - INFRASTRUCTURE ECOLOGIQUE

it: AGGLO - INFRASTRUCTURE ECOLOGIQUE


lieux-de-vaccination

heal

fr: Santé

de: Gesundheit

en: Health

it: Salute

title_for_slug: lieux-de-vaccination

de: SERVICE DE TELECHARGEMENT

it: SERVICE DE TELECHARGEMENT

fr: Carte recensant les sites de vaccination contre la grippe et contre le COVID-19 dans le canton de Genève, pendant la campagne de vaccination ayant lieu en automne et en hiver 2023-2014. La carte est à destination de la population et sera mise à disposition sur une page du site www.ge.ch

fr: LIEUX DE VACCINATION

de: LIEUX DE VACCINATION

en: LIEUX DE VACCINATION

it: LIEUX DE VACCINATION


soci

fr: Population et société

educ

fr: Éducation, culture et sport

en: Education, culture and sport

fr: SERVICE DE TELECHARGEMENT

fr: Les données vectorielles sont disponibles sous forme de fichiers.zip, incluant la donnée dans le format choisi, sa fiche de métadonnée (.pdf) ainsi que les conditions générales d'utilisation (.pdf). Sauf exception, les formats suivant sont proposés: SHAPE (ESRI) - Geodatabase-File (ESRI) - GML - KML - CSV

fr: L'Office du patrimoine et des sites met en oeuvre des recensements architecturaux et paysagers du canton, des recherches archéologiques et archivistiques, ainsi que des inventaires scientifiques. Il dresse en particulier un recensement de tous les immeubles dignes d'être protégés au sens de l'article 4 de la LPMNS adoptée le 4 juin 1976. Dans ce cadre, l'OPS a établi une liste indicative des ensembles maintenus, publiée en deux séries en 1985 et 1989.

de: SITG - Genfer Geoinformationssystem

it: SITG - Sistema informativo territoriale di Ginevra

de: Das Genfer Geoinformationssystem (SITG) ist eine Organisation zur Koordination, Zentralisierung und Bereitstellung sämtlicher Geodaten, die durch verschiedene öffentliche Einrichtungen im Rahmen ihrer Missionen produziert werden.

it: Il Sistema Informativo Territoriale di Ginevra (SITG) è un'organizzazione basata su una rete di partner pubblici con lo scopo di coordinare, centralizzare e pubblicare i dati spaziale del territorio di Ginevra, prodotti come parte delle loro missioni.

fr: RECENSEMENTS DES ENSEMBLES ARCHITECTURAUX ET PAYSAGERS


graphe-de-la-mobilite-graphe-routier

tran

fr: Transports

en: Transport

title_for_slug: graphe-de-la-mobilite-graphe-routier

de: Les données vectorielles sont disponibles sous forme de fichiers.zip, incluant la donnée dans le format choisi, sa fiche de métadonnée (.pdf) ainsi que les conditions générales d'utilisation (.pdf). Sauf exception, les formats suivant sont proposés: SHAPE (ESRI) - Geodatabase-File (ESRI) - GML - KML - CSV

fr: GRAPHE DE LA MOBILITE - GRAPHE ROUTIER : Ce graphe regroupe les graphes de base géométrique des troncons et des jonctions (carrefours, arrêts, gares, débarcadères) qui sont les points de connexions, de transferts entre les différents graphes. Ces graphes représentent les différentes voies physiques (et non virtuelles, comme une ligne de bus) de la cirulation. On y trouve également leur classification, par ex. "route cantonale" ainsi que le numéro de celle-ci. Cette donnée: - Graphe routier gmo_graphe_routier Autres données disponibles : - Graphe de la mobilité douce gmo_mobilite_douce - Graphe des voies officielles gmo_graphe_voies_officielles - Graphe des accès parkings gmo_acces_parking - Graphe entretien autoroute gmo_entretien_autoroute - Graphe ferroviaire gmo_ferroviaire - Graphe navigable gmo_voie_navigable - Troncons en projet gmo_troncon_projet - Carrefours gmo_carrefour - Quais de gare gmo_quai_gare - Débarcadères gmo_debarcadere - Aéroports gmo_aeroport - Noeuds en projet gmo_noeud_projet.

fr: SITG - Système d'information du territoire à Genève

fr: Le Système d’Information du Territoire à Genève (SITG) est un organisme fondé sur un réseau de partenaires publics ayant pour but de coordonner, centraliser et diffuser les géodonnées relatives au territoire genevois, produites dans le cadre de leurs missions.

fr: GRAPHE DE LA MOBILITE - GRAPHE ROUTIER

de: GRAPHE DE LA MOBILITE - GRAPHE ROUTIER

en: GRAPHE DE LA MOBILITE - GRAPHE ROUTIER

it: GRAPHE DE LA MOBILITE - GRAPHE ROUTIER


ener

fr: Énergie

de: Energie

en: Energy

it: Energia

regi

fr: Régions et villes

envi

fr: Environnement

tran

de: Verkehr

it: Trasporti

fr: Le pourtour des rives du Rhône a été tracé sur la base des données fournies par le cadastre Grange (1896-1910). Il sera peaufiné dans un deuxième temps pour son extension au-delà des limites de la ville.

name: Service de l'inventaire des monuments d'art et d'histoire

fr: COURS D'EAU GRANGE (1896-1911)

de: COURS D'EAU GRANGE (1896-1911)

en: COURS D'EAU GRANGE (1896-1911)

it: COURS D'EAU GRANGE (1896-1911)


soci

de: Bevölkerung und Gesellschaft

en: Population and society

it: Popolazione e società

educ

de: Bildung, Kultur und Sport

it: Istruzione, cultura e sport

regi

en: Regions and cities

it: Les données vectorielles sont disponibles sous forme de fichiers.zip, incluant la donnée dans le format choisi, sa fiche de métadonnée (.pdf) ainsi que les conditions générales d'utilisation (.pdf). Sauf exception, les formats suivant sont proposés: SHAPE (ESRI) - Geodatabase-File (ESRI) - GML - KML - CSV

fr: Le principe de base consiste à superposer une couche de vecteurs récente sur une image d'un plan raster plus ancien et à les comparer. La digitalisation des parcelles Céard a été obtenue par la superposition de la couche DPS_BILLON_PARC sur le plan raster CEARD (1837-1840) et par comparaison des objets entre eux, toutes les parcelles présentant la même géométrie que celles issues de la couche DPS_BILLON_PARC (1726-1728) ont été récupérées depuis celle-ci. Celles exprimant une différence partielle ou totale ont été comparées avec les parcelles issues de la couche DPS_GRANGE_PARC (1896-1911) et récupérées de celle-ci si elles présentaient la même géométrie. Les parcelles ayant une géométrie différente de celle issue des couches DPS_BILLON_PARC et DPS_GRANGE_PARC ont été digitalisées sur la base du plan raster CEARD (1837-1840).

fr: PARCELLES CEARD (1837-1840)

de: PARCELLES CEARD (1837-1840)

en: PARCELLES CEARD (1837-1840)

it: PARCELLES CEARD (1837-1840)


soci

fr: Population et société

de: Regionen und Städte

it: Regioni e città

en: SERVICE DE TELECHARGEMENT

en: Les données vectorielles sont disponibles sous forme de fichiers.zip, incluant la donnée dans le format choisi, sa fiche de métadonnée (.pdf) ainsi que les conditions générales d'utilisation (.pdf). Sauf exception, les formats suivant sont proposés: SHAPE (ESRI) - Geodatabase-File (ESRI) - GML - KML - CSV

fr: La digitalisation du réseau viaire de Céard a été réalisée en deux temps. Dans un premier temps, le réseau viaire a été obtenu par la soustraction de la couche DPS_CEARD_PARC à un polygone représentant le contour de la ville. Il en a résulté un polygone, qui constitue donc la "négation" de la couche DPS_CEARD_PARC. Ce polygone a ensuite été révisé sur base du plan Céard, afin d'inclure ou d'exclure certains éléments non repris dans le réseau viaire, mais devant y figurer. Certaines routes, allées ou passages ont donc été ajoutés ou supprimés de ce réseau viaire obtenu par négation. Les fontaines et les bâtiments en bois ont également été découpés. Dans un deuxième temps, le réseau viaire a été étendu à l'extérieur du réseau représenté sur le plan Céard, sur le périmètre des anciennes communes Genève-Cité, Genève-Plainpalais, Genève-Eaux-Vives et Genève-Petit-Saconnex. Pour cela, différentes cartes et couches ont été utilisées : deux cartes Dufour datant de 1837-1838, l'Atlas du territoire de 1800, la couche du réseau viaire de Grange (DPS_GRANGE_VOIRIE) et la couche des fortifications de 1728 (DPS_FORTIFICATIONS_ 1728). Cette dernière couche a été utilisée pour le tracé des sorties de la ville. Concernant le réseau viaire extérieur, la présence des routes a tout d'abord pu être confirmée grâce aux plans Dufour. Si leur tracé semblait identique à celui de l'époque de Grange, le tracé de la couche du réseau viaire de Grange a été conservé. Sinon, la carte de l'Atlas du territoire de 1800 a été utilisée pour le dessin précis des routes, son géoréférencement étant plus précis que celui des cartes Dufour. Cette couche a été créée en 2012 par Giancarlo Ghilardi dans le cadre d'une convention de stage passée avec le département de Géographie de l'Université de Genève pour le Certificat complémentaire en Géomatique. Elle a été révisée et complétée en 2014 par Florence Herickx, dans le cadre de la même convention de stage.

en: SITG - The territorial information system of Geneva

fr: RESEAU VIAIRE CEARD (1837-1840)

de: RESEAU VIAIRE CEARD (1837-1840)

en: RESEAU VIAIRE CEARD (1837-1840)

it: RESEAU VIAIRE CEARD (1837-1840)


offices-postaux

educ

fr: Éducation, culture et sport

envi

de: Umwelt

en: Environment

it: Ambiente

title_for_slug: offices-postaux

fr: SERVICE DE TELECHARGEMENT

fr: Les données vectorielles sont disponibles sous forme de fichiers.zip, incluant la donnée dans le format choisi, sa fiche de métadonnée (.pdf) ainsi que les conditions générales d'utilisation (.pdf). Sauf exception, les formats suivant sont proposés: SHAPE (ESRI) - Geodatabase-File (ESRI) - GML - KML - CSV

fr: Position sur le territoire cantonal des offices et bureaux postaux.

en: The territorial information system of Geneva (SITG) is an organization based on a network of public partners aiming to coordinate, centralize and distribute the geodata of the territory of Geneva.

fr: OFFICES POSTAUX

de: OFFICES POSTAUX

en: OFFICES POSTAUX

it: OFFICES POSTAUX


agri

fr: Agriculture, pêche, sylviculture et alimentation

de: Landwirtschaft, Fischerei, Forstwirtschaft und Nahrungsmittel

en: Agriculture, fisheries, forestry and food

it: Agricoltura, pesca, silvicoltura e prodotti alimentari

fr: CARTE DU RISQUE DE PERTES EN SOL PAR EROSION DES SOLS CULTIVES (2 tonnes) L'érosion des sols cultivés amène dans les eaux de surface des quantités non négligeables de phosphore, de matières organiques et de pesticides. Ces apports nuisent à la qualité des eaux et il convient de les minimiser, , par des mesures de lutte contre l'érosion. Pour le sol, le risque de diminution de la fertilité dépend essentiellement des quantités de terre perdues par érosion et de l'épaisseur du sol (cf. carte du risque d'érosion pour les sols cultivés). Pour les eaux de surface, la menace est fonction des quantités de terre érodées, des teneurs en substances indésirables (p. ex. le phosphore ou les résidus de pesticides) et de la part de terre érodée qui arrive dans les eaux de surface. Les cartes du risque de pertes en sol par érosion représentent pour les sols cultivés du canton de Genève (grandes cultures, vignes et herbages permanents) la probabilité (en cinq classes) que les pertes en sol dépassent un seuil prédéfini. Ces seuils ont été fixés à 1, 2 et 4 tonnes de sol par hectare et par an.

fr: SITG - Système d'information du territoire à Genève

fr: Le Système d’Information du Territoire à Genève (SITG) est un organisme fondé sur un réseau de partenaires publics ayant pour but de coordonner, centraliser et diffuser les géodonnées relatives au territoire genevois, produites dans le cadre de leurs missions.

fr: RISQUE PERTES SOL - EROSION SOLS CULTIVES (2 tonnes)


heal

fr: Santé

de: Gesundheit

en: Health

it: Salute

regi

fr: Régions et villes

envi

fr: Environnement

de: SERVICE DE TELECHARGEMENT

it: SERVICE DE TELECHARGEMENT

fr: Le Service de l'écologie de l'eau (SECOE) contrôle l'état sanitaire des 29 accès publics au lac toutes les 2 semaines, entre les mois d'avril et d'octobre, pour s'assurer que la baignade ne soit pas dangereuse pour la santé. Un attribut 'EQUIPEMENT' permet de savoir si la plage dispose de sanitaires (WC et/ou douches). - OUI = plage avec équipement - NON = plage sans équipement.

fr: QUALITE DE L'EAU DES PLAGES GENEVOISES DU LAC