en:
The files refer to the data and R code used in Mey et al. "From small forest samples to generalised uni- and bimodal stand descriptions" (2021) _Methods in Ecology and Evolution_.
Generalised stand descriptions are coming from the simultaneous examination of samples that are representative for a specific target area (here, Switzerland) and link available information about forest stand attributes. They combine the modelling of uni- or bimodal diameter distributions and species compositions, i.e. the shares of stems of individual species. Generalised stand descriptions may be used to interpret tree species diversity, regeneration and harvest potentials on a plot-level basis, and to initialise forest models with representative stand data.
The data stored here were derived from the fourth campaigns of the Swiss National Forest Inventory (NFI). The raw data from the Swiss NFI can be provided free of charge within the scope of a contractual agreement (http://www.lfi.ch/dienstleist/daten-en.php).
---------------------------------------
The file 'Data Figures 2 and 4' is publicly available and contains the data used to produce the Figures 2 and 4 published in the paper.
The files 'Data diameter modelling' and 'Data species modelling' contain all the data required to reproduce the diameter and species model building. The access to these two files is restricted as they contain raw data from the fourth Swiss NFI, submitted to the Swiss law and only accessible upon contractual agreement.
The files 'Script diameter and species modelling' and 'Functions diameter modelling' are publicly available and provide the R code used to derive the generalised stand descriptions from the Swiss NFI data.

envidat

en: EnviDat is the WSL data portal providing unified and managed access to environmental monitoring and research data. The portal has the capability to host and publish data sets. Through the sharing of unique and high-value data sets worldwide, EnviDat fosters research and contributes to advancing environmental science.

en: Generalised stand descriptions in Switzerland

envi

de: Umwelt

de:
Resource Title: Data species modelling
    Size: 450665 bytes
    Format: application/x-rds
    URL: https://www.envidat.ch/dataset/f8fe4971-0538-4d8e-b866-8d1cfd4b1584/resource/03162eba-0bd2-400a-b0f7-75c7cf117269/download/data_nfi4_species_modelling.rds
    Description: This rds file contains a data frame with single-tree and stand data required to reproduce the species composition model:

* 'clnr' refers to the plot number
* 'spec' refers to the main tree species group (12 groups)
* 'ba' refers to the basal area per hectare
* 'nph' refers to the number of stems per hectare
* 'drel' refers to the relative diameter ('drel' = (d - min(d)) / (max(d) - min(d)))
* 'temp' refers to the mean winter temperature (1988-2017, Dec-Feb)
* 'dev' refers to the development stage of the stand (e.g. 'Young growth')
* 'ftyp' refers to the potential climax forest type (e.g. 'Beech' refers to a beech-dominated stand)
* 'str' refers to the stand structure
* 'tillering' indicates whether the observed tree species on the NFI plot correspond to 'ftyp' ('TRUE') or not ('FALSE')
* 'prodreg' refers to the Swiss production region (ecoregion)
* 'fowner' refers to the forest ownership ('Public' or ' Private')

de:
Resource Title: Script diameter and species modelling
    Size: 16141 bytes
    Format: text/x-r
    URL: https://www.envidat.ch/dataset/f8fe4971-0538-4d8e-b866-8d1cfd4b1584/resource/0e6e2a50-fb05-4236-b53f-a5bafaf7a069/download/script_diameter_and_species_modelling.r
    Description: This R script can be used to derive the uni- and bimodal Weibull log-likelihood regression models (in short: uni- and bimodal model), the species composition model and the main results presented in Mey et al. 2021 using data from the fourth Swiss NFI ('data_NFI4_diameter_modelling.rds' and 'data_NFI4_species_modelling.rds') and the R functions stored in 'functions_diameter_modelling.R'.

de:
Resource Title: Functions diameter modelling
    Size: 20702 bytes
    Format: text/x-r
    URL: https://www.envidat.ch/dataset/f8fe4971-0538-4d8e-b866-8d1cfd4b1584/resource/e3f02601-e820-4df9-bcc9-c21bea82dc38/download/functions_diameter_modelling.r
    Description: This R file contains the functions used to produce the generalised diameter distributions in Mey et al. 2021.

de:
Resource Title: Data Figures 2 and 4
    Size: 744 bytes
    Format: text/csv
    URL: https://www.envidat.ch/dataset/f8fe4971-0538-4d8e-b866-8d1cfd4b1584/resource/2e6a5bbe-6836-47b2-86bb-be16ba2fe81e/download/data_figures_2_4.csv
    Description: This csv file contains the data required to reproduce Figure 2 and Figure 4.

* 'stand_type' states whether a row corresponds to NFI4 average summary statistics describing a generalised beech-dominated, spruce-dominated or an unspecified forest stand in Switzerland in its unimodal or bimodal form (e.g. 'beech.uni' refers to a generalised unimodal beech-dominated stand)
* 'md' refers to the mean diameter
* 'dq10' refers to the 10% quantile of the diameter
* 'dq90' refers to the 90% quantile of the diameter
* 'spr' refers to the spread between minimal and maximal diameter
* 'nph' refers to the number of stems per hectare
* 'o.qmd' refers to the overstorey quadratic mean diameter
* 'rho.emp' refers to proportion parameter (rho) determined by breakpoint setting
* 'ba' refers to the basal area per hectare
* 'drel' refers to the relative diameter ('drel' = (d - min(d)) / (max(d) - min(d)))
* 'temp' refers to the mean winter temperature (1988-2017, Dec-Feb)
* 'dev' refers to the development stage of the stand (e.g. 'Young growth')
* 'ftyp' refers to the potential climax forest type (e.g. 'Beech' refers to a beech-dominated stand)
* 'str' refers to the stand structure
* 'tillering' indicates whether the observed tree species on the NFI plot correspond to 'ftyp' ('TRUE') or not ('FALSE')
* 'prodreg' refers to the Swiss production region (ecoregion)
* 'fowner' refers to the forest ownership ('Public' or ' Private')

de:
Resource Title: Data diameter modelling
    Size: 243750 bytes
    Format: application/x-rds
    URL: https://www.envidat.ch/dataset/f8fe4971-0538-4d8e-b866-8d1cfd4b1584/resource/9cadbc57-7eab-4415-bf97-229d52cd412b/download/data_nfi4_diameter_modelling.rds
    Description: This rds file contains a list of 5085 data frames required to reproduce the uni- and bimodal diameter model. Each data frame comprises single-tree diameters ('dbh') and assigned representation factors ('repfa') at a single Swiss NFI4 plot.

* 'dbh' refers to the diameter at breast height (130 cm)
* 'repfa' refers to the representation factor used to scale up to one hectare

forest-model-initialisation

display_name: forest-model-initialisation

forest-stand-description

display_name: forest-stand-description

national-forest-inventory

display_name: national-forest-inventory

small-forest-samples

display_name: small-forest-samples

tree-species-composition

display_name: tree-species-composition

weibull-function

display_name: weibull-function


$oid: OBSOLETE

en:
Cloud Condensation Nuclei (CCN) data: A Droplet Measurement Technologies (DMT) single-column continuous-flow streamwise thermal gradient chamber (CFSTGC; Roberts and Nenes, 2005) was deployed at the measurement site Weissfluhjoch (2700 m a.s.l., LON: 9.806475, LAT: 46.832964) to record the in-situ CCN number concentrations between February 24 and March 8 2019 for different supersaturations (SS). To account for the difference between the ambient (~735 mbar) and the calibration pressure (~800 mbar), the SS reported by the instrument is adjusted by a factor of 0.92. The CFSTGC was cycled between 6 discrete SS values ranging from 0.09% to 0.74%, producing a full CCN spectrum every hour. The raw CCN measurements are filtered to discount periods of transient operation and whenever the room temperature housing the instrument changed sufficiently to induce a reset in column temperature. Additional information can be found in Section 2.1.2 [here](https://acp.copernicus.org/preprints/acp-2020-1036/).
Hygroscopicity data: The CCN number concentration measurements were directly related to the size distribution and total aerosol concentration data measured by the Scanning Mobility Particle Size Spectrometer (SMPS) instrument at the same station (https://www.envidat.ch/dataset/aerosol-data-weissfluhjoch) to infer the particles hygroscopicity parameter (kappa). For each SMPS scan, the particles critical dry diameter (Dcr) is estimated by integrating backward the SMPS size distribution, until the aerosol number matches the CCN concentration observed for the same time period as the SMPS scan. Assuming the particle chemical composition is internally mixed, the kappa is determined from Dcr and SS, applying Köhler theory. Additional information can be found in Section 2.2 [here](https://acp.copernicus.org/preprints/acp-2020-1036/).
Predicted cloud droplet numbers: Droplet calculations are carried out with the physically based aerosol activation parameterization of Morales and Nenes (2014), employing the “characteristic velocity” approach of Morales and Nenes (2010). Aerosol size distribution observations required to predict the cloud droplet numbers and maximum in-cloud supersaturation are obtained from the SMPS instrument deployed at Weissfluhjoch. The required vertical velocity measurements are derived from the wind Doppler Lidar (https://www.envidat.ch/dataset/lidar-wind-profiler-data) deployed at Davos Wolfgang and are extracted for the altitude of interest, being 1100 m above ground level for Weissfluhjoch. Additional information can be found in Section 2.3 [here](https://acp.copernicus.org/preprints/acp-2020-1036/).

en: cloud-modeling dmt-ccn-chamber cloud-droplets hygroscopicity sigma-w supersaturation ccn weissfluhjoch raclets

envidat

approval_status: approved

fr: EnviDat est le portail de données du WSL; il offre un accès uniformisé et réglementé aux données de surveillance et de recherche en matière d’environnement. Ce portail est capable d’héberger et de publier des ensembles de données précieuses et uniques, qui sont partagées aux quatre coins de la planète. Ce faisant, EnviDat favorise la recherche et contribue à l’avancement des sciences environnementales.

de: EnviDat ist das Datenportal der WSL für einen einheitlichen und verwalteten Zugang zu Umweltdaten aus Monitoring- und Forschungsprojekten. Auf dem Portal können Datensätze gehostet und veröffentlicht werden. Durch die weltweite Bereitstellung einzigartiger und wertvoller Datensätze leistet EnviDat einen Beitrag zur Forschung im Bereich der Umweltwissenschaften.

it: EnviDat è il portale dati del WSL che fornisce un accesso unificato e gestito ai dati di monitoraggio ambientale e di ricerca. Il portale ha la capacità di ospitare e pubblicare serie di dati preziosi e unici che vengono condivisi in tutto il mondo. Così facendo, EnviDat promuove la ricerca e contribuisce al progresso della scienza ambientale.

de: EnviDat: das Umwelt-Datenportal

en: EnviDat: the Environmental Data Portal

fr: EnviDat: le portail de données environnementales

it: EnviDat: il portale dei dati ambientali

political_level: other

state: active

type: organization

wsl

capacity: public

de: EnviDat

en: CCN, hygroscopicity, predicted cloud droplet numbers Weissfluhjoch

type: dataset

key: guid

key: uri

value: Envidat Harvester

envi

en: Environment

fr: Environnement

it: Ambiente

de:
Resource Title: CCN data Weissfluhjoch
    Size: 79738661 bytes
    Format: text/csv
    URL: https://www.envidat.ch/dataset/ecb08acd-01d0-40e6-ac42-584aab9fc27f/resource/80b5fb31-8f82-4648-bc82-d11373bd186a/download/ccnspectrumwfj.csv
    Description: In-situ CCN measurements were conducted between February 24 and March 8 2019 at Weissfluhjoch. The data file contains:

* Date and time (DD/MM/YYYY hh:mm:ss) in UTC
* Filtered CCN number concentrations (in cmˉ³) measured at 6 discrete supersaturations (SS) ranging from 0.09% to 0.74%. The name of each CCN column is indicative of the SS developed within the instrument.
* Instrument characteristics such as sample temperature (in °C) and pressure (in mbar)
* A code that refers to the reason of filtering.

Missing or filtered CCN values are indicated by "-999", while a declaration of each "Error_code" can be found in the following list:

_Error_code_:

__0000__: Measurements without error

__1000__: Period of transient operation after a supersaturation change

__2000__: Sharp change (decrease) in the room temperature housing the instrument, which induces a reset in column temperature

__3000__: Irregular values in the room temperature housing the instrument

__9999__: Missing data

format: CSV

media_type: text/csv

de:
Resource Title: Hygroscopicity parameter Weissfluhjoch
    Size: 344260 bytes
    Format: text/csv
    URL: https://www.envidat.ch/dataset/ecb08acd-01d0-40e6-ac42-584aab9fc27f/resource/5032c15d-ac68-4e8f-822b-3503a34db837/download/hygroscopicitywfj.csv
    Description: The aerosol hygroscopicity parameter is derived combining the CCN and SMPS size distribution data collected between February 24 and March 8 2019 at Weissfluhjoch. The data file contains:

* Date and time (DD/MM/YYYY hh:mm:ss) in UTC
* The instrument supersaturation (SS%)
* The calculated hygroscopicity parameter (kappa)
* The calculated critical dry diameter of the particles (Dcr) in nm.

Missing values are indicated by "-999".

de:
Resource Title: Predicted cloud droplet number concentrations Weissfluhjoch
    Size: 256123 bytes
    Format: text/csv
    URL: https://www.envidat.ch/dataset/ecb08acd-01d0-40e6-ac42-584aab9fc27f/resource/f732a28e-10b1-411f-a497-b784e1b716af/download/predicted_droplets_wfj_kappa0.25.csv
    Description: In-situ measurements of aerosol size distributions along with updraft velocities collected from a wind Doppler Lidar are coupled with a state-of-the art droplet activation parameterization (Morales and Nenes, 2014) to determine the cloud droplet number and maximum in-cloud supersaturation that can potentially form over the Weissfluhjoch station between February 24 and March 8 2019. For this, a hygroscopicity parameter of 0.25 is assumed, according to the CCN-derived values. The data file contains:

* Date and time (DD/MM/YYYY hh:mm:ss) in UTC
* The wind-lidar derived standard deviation of updraft velocities (sigma-w) in m/s, used to apply the parameterization employing a single characteristic velocity (Morales and Nenes, 2010)
* The maximum predicted cloud parcel supersaturation (Smax%)
* The total in-situ aerosol number concentration (Naer) in cmˉ³, measured by the SMPS
* The predicted cloud droplet numbers (Nd) in cmˉ³
* The activation fraction (%)

ccn

display_name: ccn

cloud-droplets

display_name: cloud-droplets

cloud-modeling

display_name: cloud-modeling

dmt-ccn-chamber

display_name: dmt-ccn-chamber

hygroscopicity

display_name: hygroscopicity

raclets

display_name: raclets

sigma-w

display_name: sigma-w

supersaturation

display_name: supersaturation

weissfluhjoch

display_name: weissfluhjoch


en: Cloud droplet properties were predicted between February 24 and March 8 2019 for the measurement site Davos Wolfgang (1630 m a.s.l., LON: 9.853594, LAT: 46.835577). Droplet calculations are carried out with the physically based aerosol activation parameterization of Morales and Nenes (2014), employing the “characteristic velocity” approach of Morales and Nenes (2010). Aerosol size distribution observations required to predict the cloud droplet numbers and maximum in-cloud supersaturation are obtained from a Scanning Mobility Particle Size Spectrometer (SMPS) instrument deployed at Davos Wolfgang (https://www.envidat.ch/dataset/aerosol-data-davos-wolfgang). The required vertical velocity measurements are derived from the wind Doppler Lidar (https://www.envidat.ch/dataset/lidar-wind-profiler-data) deployed at the same station and are extracted from the first bin of the instrument, being 200 m above ground level. The hygroscopic properties of the particles measured at Davos Wolfgang could not be estimated, owing to a lack of concurrent CCN measurements. As a sensitivity test, droplet calculations are performed assuming two different values of the aerosol hygroscopicity parameter, 0.1 and 0.25, based on the analysis carried out for Weissfluhjoch. Additional information can be found in Section 2.3 [here](https://acp.copernicus.org/preprints/acp-2020-1036/).

en: sigma-w supersaturation raclets cloud-modeling cloud-droplets wolfgangpass

en: Predicted cloud droplet numbers Davos Wolfgang

de:
Resource Title: Predicted cloud droplet numbers (kappa=0.1) Davos Wolfgang
    Size: 312210 bytes
    Format: text/csv
    URL: https://www.envidat.ch/dataset/e5a506af-7ff0-47ad-afe2-36de4b4e1ea9/resource/245ebcc2-4dd5-4339-9f76-b61411fa103b/download/predicted_droplets_wop_kappa0.1.csv
    Description: In-situ measurements of aerosol size distributions along with updraft velocities collected from a wind Doppler Lidar are coupled with a state-of-the art droplet activation parameterization (Morales and Nenes, 2014) to determine the cloud droplet number and maximum in-cloud supersaturation that can potentially form over the Davos Wolfgang station between February 24 and March 8 2019. For this, as a sensitivity test, a hygroscopicity parameter of 0.1 is assumed, which is the lower limit determined from the analysis carried out for Weissfluhjoch (https://www.envidat.ch/dataset/ccn-hygroscopicity-predicted-cloud-droplet-numbers-weissfluhjoch). The data file contains:

* Date and time (DD/MM/YYYY hh:mm:ss) in UTC
* The wind-lidar derived standard deviation of updraft velocities (sigma-w) in m/s, used to apply the parameterization employing a single characteristic velocity (Morales and Nenes, 2010)
* The maximum predicted cloud parcel supersaturation (Smax%)
* The total in-situ aerosol number concentration (Naer) in cmˉ³, measured by the SMPS
* The predicted cloud droplet numbers (Nd) in cmˉ³
* The activation fraction (%)

de:
Resource Title: Predicted cloud droplet numbers (kappa=0.25) Weissfluhjoch
    Size: 313834 bytes
    Format: text/csv
    URL: https://www.envidat.ch/dataset/e5a506af-7ff0-47ad-afe2-36de4b4e1ea9/resource/b5c4c596-2dd4-45f4-b79f-61f91d82aad0/download/predicted_droplets_wop_kappa0.25.csv
    Description: In-situ measurements of aerosol size distributions along with updraft velocities collected from a wind Doppler Lidar are coupled with a state-of-the art droplet activation parameterization (Morales and Nenes, 2014) to determine the cloud droplet number and maximum in-cloud supersaturation that can potentially form over the Davos Wolfgang station between February 24 and March 8 2019. For this, as a sensitivity test, a hygroscopicity parameter of 0.25 is assumed, which is the upper limit determined from the analysis carried out for Weissfluhjoch (https://www.envidat.ch/dataset/ccn-hygroscopicity-predicted-cloud-droplet-numbers-weissfluhjoch). The data file contains:

* Date and time (DD/MM/YYYY hh:mm:ss) in UTC
* The wind-lidar derived standard deviation of updraft velocities (sigma-w) in m/s, used to apply the parameterization employing a single characteristic velocity (Morales and Nenes, 2010)
* The maximum predicted cloud parcel supersaturation (Smax%)
* The total in-situ aerosol number concentration (Naer) in cmˉ³, measured by the SMPS
* The predicted cloud droplet numbers (Nd) in cmˉ³
* The activation fraction (%)

wolfgangpass

display_name: wolfgangpass


en:
Observational data used to quantitatively describe the key elements describing avalanche danger: snowpack stability, the frequency distribution of snowpack stability, and avalanche size.
The data set consists of
- Rutschblock test results (Switzerland)
- Extended Column Test results (Switzerland, Norway)
- Avalanche occurrence data (Switzerland, Norway).
The data were extracted from the respective operational databases of the national avalanche warning services in Switzerland (WSL Institute for Snow and Avalanche Research SLF Davos, Switzerland) and Norway (The Norwegian Water Resources and Energy Directorate NVE).
For further information regarding the data, please refer to the publication or contact the author.

en: norway extended-column-test avalanche-danger switzerland avalanche-observations rutschblock-test

en: Stability tests, avalanche observations, Switzerland, Norway

de:
Resource Title: ECT data (Norway, Switzerland)
    Size: 241792 bytes
    Format: text/csv
    URL: https://www.envidat.ch/dataset/ab401e00-0c6e-40c0-a24d-9e8716cb23da/resource/7618bcce-8c14-463d-8c4d-1dc4f5365085/download/ect_data_used_in_manuscript.csv
    Description:

de:
Resource Title: Rutschblock data (Switzerland)
    Size: 221029 bytes
    Format: text/csv
    URL: https://www.envidat.ch/dataset/ab401e00-0c6e-40c0-a24d-9e8716cb23da/resource/30e5287d-6bc2-4810-bdc2-422976023486/download/rb_data_used_in_manuscript.csv
    Description:

de:
Resource Title: avalanche occurrence data (Norway, Sitzerland) - avalanche sizes per day and warning region
    Size: 1514094 bytes
    Format: text/csv
    URL: https://www.envidat.ch/dataset/ab401e00-0c6e-40c0-a24d-9e8716cb23da/resource/23823196-1d56-47d1-b6bd-cb0add4dbd7b/download/avalsize_used_in_manuscript.csv
    Description:

de:
Resource Title: avalanche occurrence data (Norway, Sitzerland) - largest avalanche size per day and warning region
    Size: 256120 bytes
    Format: text/csv
    URL: https://www.envidat.ch/dataset/ab401e00-0c6e-40c0-a24d-9e8716cb23da/resource/accef652-f988-4d75-8aff-4c4c06c24a74/download/maxavalsize_used_in_manuscript.csv
    Description:

avalanche-danger

display_name: avalanche-danger

avalanche-observations

display_name: avalanche-observations

extended-column-test

display_name: extended-column-test

norway

display_name: norway

rutschblock-test

display_name: rutschblock-test

switzerland

display_name: switzerland


en: We present stated preference data for improved forest management measures from seven Swiss municipalities in the Cantons of Grisons and Valais. The data was collected between October 2019 and February 2020 using an online questionnaire. We invited 10289 households to participate and received 939 responses. The online questionnaire consisted of two main parts: (i) an online choice experiment and (ii) questions on the sociodemographic characteristics of the responding households. The choice experiment confronted households with twelve consecutive choice tasks. Each choice task consisted of three options with a varying degree of avalanche and rock fall risk reduction due to improved forest management. The options further differed with respect to the way the costs for the improved forest management are allocated and the way they are calculated. We additionally provided each of the options with a cost attribute, allowing for the calculation of willingness to pay measures. At the end of the choice experiment we asked five de-briefing questions and eight attitudinal questions. Additionally, we asked the responding households to state their willingness to take risks. The sociodemographic characteristics collected in the second part of the questionnaire allow for an analysis of the impact they have on the choices we observed in the first part of the questionnaire.

en: ecosystem-services discrete-choice nature-based-solutions resilience climate-change-adaptation

en: Stated preference data on the insurance value of forests in Switzerland

envi

de: Umwelt

de:
Resource Title: DIVES CE raw data
    Size: 3723776 bytes
    Format: text/csv
    URL: https://www.envidat.ch/dataset/fa79be39-5a6a-442f-a423-dd23113adb98/resource/9ef54da1-8ff8-4f10-b1c3-74a7d670ec26/download/dives_choice_data.csv
    Description: Raw data obtained from a choice experiment on the insurance value of forests

de:
Resource Title: DIVES data description
    Size: 136303 bytes
    Format: application/pdf
    URL: https://www.envidat.ch/dataset/fa79be39-5a6a-442f-a423-dd23113adb98/resource/c8d1875a-3914-498d-9178-1d290a426f69/download/dives_data_description.pdf
    Description: Description of the raw data variables

format: PDF

media_type: application/pdf

de:
Resource Title: DIVES questionnaire
    Size: 1368317 bytes
    Format: application/pdf
    URL: https://www.envidat.ch/dataset/fa79be39-5a6a-442f-a423-dd23113adb98/resource/9c762c10-20f7-4f75-ab5e-33b6373508a6/download/dives_questionnaire.pdf
    Description: English translation of the original survey questionnaire

climate-change-adaptation

display_name: climate-change-adaptation

discrete-choice

display_name: discrete-choice

ecosystem-services

display_name: ecosystem-services

nature-based-solutions

display_name: nature-based-solutions

resilience

display_name: resilience


en: High quality meteorological data are needed for long-term forest ecosystem research, particularly in the light of global change. The long-term data series published here comprises almost 20 years of measurements for one meteorological station in Alpthal in Switzerland which is located within a natural coniferous forest (ALB) with Norway spruce (_Picea abies_; 180-230 yrs) as dominant tree species. The meteorological time series are presented in hourly time resolution of air temperature, relative humidity, precipitation, photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) and wind speed. Alpthal is part of the Long-term Forest Ecosystem Research Programme (LWF) established and maintained by the Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL.

en: climate-change precipitation meteorology relative-humidity par long-term wind-speed meteo swiss-forest-lab temperature

en: Alpthal, Switzerland: Long-term forest meteorological data from the Long-term Forest Ecosystem Research Programme (LWF), from 1997 onwards

de:
Resource Title: Forest station data (ALB)
    Size: 7164766 bytes
    Format: text/csv
    URL: https://www.envidat.ch/dataset/3bb25386-f2d8-4fda-b7fa-86ea4be16535/resource/5109ff84-b671-41af-a243-34f1eda1fc88/download/albforest.csv
    Description:

de:
Resource Title: Data plot of the forest station (ALB)
    Size: 277476 bytes
    Format: application/pdf
    URL: https://www.envidat.ch/dataset/3bb25386-f2d8-4fda-b7fa-86ea4be16535/resource/50d91991-2164-4f48-9bff-7dd1ecd9f379/download/albplot.pdf
    Description: Data overview for air temperature, relative humidity, precipitation, PAR, wind speed.

de:
Resource Title: Site aerial photo (Alpthal)
    Size: 7983732 bytes
    Format: image/jpeg
    URL: https://www.envidat.ch/dataset/3bb25386-f2d8-4fda-b7fa-86ea4be16535/resource/c331a75a-6b89-4924-8896-6582b74c7284/download/alfront.jpg
    Description: Site aerial photo from the Alpthal forest station. Source: Google. 2016. Site aerial photo from the Alpthal forest station. Retrieved November 11, 2016, from https://www.google.ch/maps

format: jpeg

climate-change

display_name: climate-change

long-term

display_name: long-term

meteo

display_name: meteo

meteorology

display_name: meteorology

par

display_name: par

precipitation

display_name: precipitation

relative-humidity

display_name: relative-humidity

swiss-forest-lab

display_name: swiss-forest-lab

temperature

display_name: temperature

wind-speed

display_name: wind-speed


en: High quality meteorological data are needed for long-term forest ecosystem research, particularly in the light of global change. The long-term data series published here comprises almost 20 years of measurements for two meteorological stations in Celerina in Switzerland where one station is located within a natural coniferous forest stand (CLB) with Swiss pine (_Pinus cembra_; 210-250 yrs) as dominant tree species. A second station is situated in the very vicinity outside of the forest (field station, CLF). The meteorological time series are presented in hourly time resolution of air temperature, relative humidity, precipitation, photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) and wind speed. Celerina is part of the Long-term Forest Ecosystem Research Programme (LWF) established and maintained by the Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL.

en: swiss-forest-lab temperature climate-change relative-humidity par long-term wind-speed precipitation meteorology meteo

envidat

en: EnviDat is the WSL data portal providing unified and managed access to environmental monitoring and research data. The portal has the capability to host and publish data sets. Through the sharing of unique and high-value data sets worldwide, EnviDat fosters research and contributes to advancing environmental science.

de: EnviDat ist das Datenportal der WSL für einen einheitlichen und verwalteten Zugang zu Umweltdaten aus Monitoring- und Forschungsprojekten. Auf dem Portal können Datensätze gehostet und veröffentlicht werden. Durch die weltweite Bereitstellung einzigartiger und wertvoller Datensätze leistet EnviDat einen Beitrag zur Forschung im Bereich der Umweltwissenschaften.

de: EnviDat: das Umwelt-Datenportal

de: EnviDat

en: Celerina, Switzerland: Long-term forest meteorological data from the Long-term Forest Ecosystem Research Programme (LWF), from 1997 onwards

de:
Resource Title: Site photo of the field station (CLF)
    Size: 617034 bytes
    Format: image/jpeg
    URL: https://www.envidat.ch/dataset/eb7f96b4-7d02-4bf1-87c4-68fc8ced4453/resource/065216fc-60f4-4525-a432-ff0b2b2c6d89/download/clf.jpg
    Description: Site phote of the field station from the side.

de:
Resource Title: Data plot of the forest station (CLB)
    Size: 262914 bytes
    Format: application/pdf
    URL: https://www.envidat.ch/dataset/eb7f96b4-7d02-4bf1-87c4-68fc8ced4453/resource/20445457-9718-4508-a507-4fed77aed50d/download/clbplot.pdf
    Description: Data overview for air temperature, relative humidity, precipitation, PAR, wind speed.

de:
Resource Title: Data plot of the field station (CLF)
    Size: 324190 bytes
    Format: application/pdf
    URL: https://www.envidat.ch/dataset/eb7f96b4-7d02-4bf1-87c4-68fc8ced4453/resource/8d220f28-48d8-48d5-9018-c5c5330cc260/download/clfplot.pdf
    Description: Data overview for air temperature, relative humidity, precipitation, PAR, wind speed.

de:
Resource Title: Site aerial photo (Celerina)
    Size: 9781364 bytes
    Format: image/jpeg
    URL: https://www.envidat.ch/dataset/eb7f96b4-7d02-4bf1-87c4-68fc8ced4453/resource/44d469c0-a4b8-4fc3-9708-2fa8d24c3d0f/download/clfront.jpg
    Description: Site aerial photo from both Celerina stations. Source: Google. 2016. Site aerial photo from both Celerina stations. Retrieved November 11, 2016, from https://www.google.ch/maps

de:
Resource Title: Data plot of the forest station (CLB)
    Size: 7469200 bytes
    Format: text/csv
    URL: https://www.envidat.ch/dataset/eb7f96b4-7d02-4bf1-87c4-68fc8ced4453/resource/ecdab18b-b895-4b9d-842d-9b884cac9fab/download/clbforest.csv
    Description: Data file.

de:
Resource Title: Data plot of the field station (CLF)
    Size: 10948330 bytes
    Format: text/csv
    URL: https://www.envidat.ch/dataset/eb7f96b4-7d02-4bf1-87c4-68fc8ced4453/resource/0e36dac4-16c5-47a7-ac12-430087b2db27/download/clffield.csv
    Description: Data file.

de:
Resource Title: Site photo of the forest station (CLB)
    Size: 9755793 bytes
    Format: image/jpeg
    URL: https://www.envidat.ch/dataset/eb7f96b4-7d02-4bf1-87c4-68fc8ced4453/resource/1898ed2e-cd7e-4b2d-9185-20e2b54f3e65/download/clb.jpg
    Description: Site photo of the forest station from below (viewing upwards the slope).


en:
This data set includes synchronized and independently measured water discharge, bedload transport and at-a-point bedrock erosion data in 1 minute resolution and over more than 1.5 years from the Erlenbach stream hydrological observatory, a small (first-order) catchment in the pre-alpine valley Alptal in central Switzerland. These measurements are of high accuracy, which have been assessed in Beer, A.R. et al. 2015. Earth Surf. Proc., 40, 530-541. doi: 10.1002/esp.3652. For the artificial bedrock (a slab of weak concrete, fixed flush with the streambed) 6 additional consecutive spatial elevation data sets of 1 mm resolution have been surveyed that allow the local continuous erosion measurements to be extended to the patch scale.
This unique data set has been used to validate and calibrate bedrock erosion models for the process to intermediate scales of time (and space), whose performance then was assessed over extended time (up to bicentennial floods), based on available longer data sets of linked discharge and bedload transport (see related datasets).

en: bedload-transport modelling scaling surveying mountain-stream bedrock-erosion

en: EnviDat: the Environmental Data Portal

en: Linked water discharge, bedload transport and bedrock erosion data set in 1minute resolution

envi

de: Umwelt

en: Environment

de:
Resource Title: Linked discharge, bedload and erosion data
    Size: 30554475 bytes
    Format: text/csv
    URL: https://www.envidat.ch/dataset/0894fa5c-5174-402c-99c4-23b10bb15024/resource/f3448762-eb7a-4757-8374-3dc924329af7/download/envidat-repository-data.csv
    Description: This is the synchronized water discharge [m3/s], bedload transport [kg/min] and vertical bedrock erosion of 3 sensors [mm] data in 1min resolution

de:
Resource Title: Mean bedrock slab erosion
    Size: 85 bytes
    Format: text/csv
    URL: https://www.envidat.ch/dataset/0894fa5c-5174-402c-99c4-23b10bb15024/resource/5ad00781-8f75-4457-ae4e-7ae2ddbbab28/download/envidat-mse.csv
    Description: This is the mean bedrock slab erosion data (MSE in [m]) for all 5 surveying epochs, based on millions of individual surface point surveys.

bedload-transport

display_name: bedload-transport

bedrock-erosion

display_name: bedrock-erosion

modelling

display_name: modelling

mountain-stream

display_name: mountain-stream

scaling

display_name: scaling

surveying

display_name: surveying


en:
This dataset contains all data on which the following publication below is based.
Paper Citation:
Risch Anita C., Zimmermann, Stefan, Moser, Barbara, Schütz, Martin, Hagedorn, Frank, Firn, Jennifer, Fay, Philip A., Adler, Peter B., Biederman, Lori A., Blair, John M., Borer, Elizabeth T., Broadbent, Arthur A.D., Brown, Cynthia S., Cadotte, Marc W., Caldeira, Maria C., Davies, Kendi F., di Virgilio, Augustina, Eisenhauer, Nico, Eskelinen, Anu, Knops, Johannes M.H., MacDougall, Andrew S., McCulley, Rebecca L., Melbourne, Brett A., Moore, Joslin L., Power, Sally A., Prober, Suzanne M., Seabloom, Eric W., Siebert, Julia, Silveira, Maria L. , Speziale, Karina L., Stevens, Carly J., Tognetti, Pedro M., Virtanen, Risto, Yahdjian, Laura, Ochoa-Hueso, Raul (accepted). Global impacts of fertilization and herbivore removal on soil net nitrogen mineralization are modulated by local climate and soil properties. Global Change Biology
Please cite this paper together with the citation for the datafile.
We assessed how the removal of mammalian herbivores (Fence) and fertilization with growth-limiting nutrients (N, P, K, plus nine essential macro- and micronutrients; NPK) individually, and in combination (NPK+Fence), affected potential and realized soil net Nmin across 22 natural and semi-natural grasslands on five continents. Our sites spanned a comprehensive range of climatic and edaphic conditions found across the grassland biome. We focused on grasslands, because they cover 40-50% of the ice-free land surface and provide vital ecosystem functions and services. They are particularly important for forage production and C sequestration. Worldwide, grasslands store approximately 20-30% of the Earth’s terrestrial C, most of it in the soil (Schimel, 1995; White et al., 2000).

en: nitrification mineralization fertilization climate nutrient-network grassland global-change nitrogen soil ammonification herbivore

en: Anthropogenic change and soil net N mineralization

format: XLS

ammonification

display_name: ammonification

climate

display_name: climate

fertilization

display_name: fertilization

global-change

display_name: global-change

grassland

display_name: grassland

herbivore

display_name: herbivore

mineralization

display_name: mineralization

nitrification

display_name: nitrification

nitrogen

display_name: nitrogen

nutrient-network

display_name: nutrient-network

soil

display_name: soil


en:
This dataset contains all data on which the following publication below is based.
Paper Citation:
Risch, A. C.; Zimmermann, S.; Ochoa-Hueso, R.; Schütz, M.; Frey, B.; Firn, J. L.; Fay, P. A.; Hagedorn, F.; Borer, E. T.; Seabloom, E. W.; et al. Soil net nitrogen mineralisation across global grasslands. Nat. Commun. 2019, 10 (1), 4981 (10 pp.). doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-12948-2
Please cite this paper together with the citation for the datafile.
We conducted coordinated measurements of realised and potential soil net Nmin, and assessed water holding capacity, bulk density, C and N content, texture, pH, pore space, microbial biomass, and archaeal (AOA) and bacterial (AOB) ammonia oxidiser abundance using identical materials and methods across 30 grasslands on six continents. The sites covered a globally relevant range of climatic and edaphic conditions. Climate data was obtained from worldclim - Global climate data https://www.worldclim.org/

en: soil-biology worldwide soil-chemistry soil nutrient-network grassland mineralization global

global

display_name: global

soil-biology

display_name: soil-biology

soil-chemistry

display_name: soil-chemistry

worldwide

display_name: worldwide


en:
Species range limits are expected to be dramatically altered under future climate change and many species are predicted to shift their distribution upslope to track their suitable conditions (i.e. based on their niche). However, there might be large discrepancies between the speed of the upward shift of the climatic niche and the actual migration velocity of the species, especially in long-lived organisms such as trees. Here, we compared the simulations of the upslope displacement of the bioclimatic envelope of 16 tree species inhabiting temperate mountain forests under ongoing and future climate change obtained by correlative species distribution models (SDMs) to those from a dynamic forest model accounting for dispersal, competition and demography. We then partitioned the discrepancy in upslope migration velocity between the SDMs and the dynamic forest model into different components by manipulating dispersal limitation, interspecific competition and demography.
This dataset contains the calibration and evaluation data used to create the bioclimatic envelope models, the predictors for the future scenarios (raster layers) and the bioclimatic input data used in the dynamic forest models used in the following publication (Scherrer et al. 2020).
Paper Citation:
Scherrer, D., Vitasse, Y., Guisan , A., Wohlgemuth, T., & Lischke, H. (2020). Competition and demography rather than dispersal limitation slow down upward shifts of trees’ upper elevation limits in the Alps. Journal of Ecology, in press.

en: climate-change-impact treemig sdm mountain-forest treeline

en: Factors slowing down upward shifts of trees’ upper elevation limits

de:
Resource Title: Bioclimatic data for TreeMig
    Size: 577449363 bytes
    Format: application/zip
    URL: https://www.envidat.ch/dataset/50bcbe58-bdbb-4937-aa83-0b983a7ff64d/resource/e2a4c17d-2b94-4d5e-8b3d-85c670b94285/download/treemig_bioclim_1500-2500.zip
    Description: Bioclimatic input data used for the TreeMig models in Scherrer et al. 2020. Data spans the whole simulation period of 1500 until 2500 and covers three different climate change scenarios.

format: ZIP

media_type: application/zip

de:
Resource Title: Data for bioclimatic envelope model
    Size: 2745109 bytes
    Format: text/csv
    URL: https://www.envidat.ch/dataset/50bcbe58-bdbb-4937-aa83-0b983a7ff64d/resource/cbd5e811-0e38-45ed-b00e-fe7a86ed88db/download/species_environmental_calibrationevaluation.csv
    Description: This spreadsheet provides the data used to calibrate and evaluate the bioclimatic envelope models (SDMs) for our 16 target tree species. For copyright reasons the geographic coordinates of the points have been removed and only relevant information in the environmental space is provided.

de:
Resource Title: Bioclimatic predictors used for future projections
    Size: 4002741 bytes
    Format: application/zip
    URL: https://www.envidat.ch/dataset/50bcbe58-bdbb-4937-aa83-0b983a7ff64d/resource/dcd9614c-30b0-4d36-ab09-2196b3b0ef7c/download/predictors.zip
    Description: The seven bioclimatic predictors (mean annual temperature, minimum temperature of the coldest month, temperature of the driest quarter, annual sum of precipitation, sum of precipitation of the driest quarter, slope and topographic position (concave-convex) used for correlative SDMs in Scherrer et al. 2020. Data for climate is available for both current (1981-2010) and future (2020-49, 2045-74,2070-99).

climate-change-impact

display_name: climate-change-impact

mountain-forest

display_name: mountain-forest

sdm

display_name: sdm

treeline

display_name: treeline

treemig

display_name: treemig


en:
Ecologically meaningful predictors are often neglected in plant distribution studies, resulting in incomplete niche quantification and low predictive power of species distribution models (SDMs). Because environmental data are rare and expensive to collect, and because their relationship with local climatic and topographic conditions are complex, mapping them over large geographic extents and at high spatial resolution remains a major challenge. Here, we derived environmental data layers by mapping ecological indicator values (EIVs) in space by using a large set of environmental predictors in Switzerland.
This dataset contains the predictors (raster layers) generated and used in the following publication (Descombes et al. 2020). Only predictors for which we have the rights to share them are provided. Other datasets and predictors can be accessed via the original data provider. Details on the predictors and sources are fully described in the publication. The predictors are provided as GeoTIFF files, at 93 m spatial resolution and Mercator projection ("+proj=merc +lon_0=0 +k=1 +x_0=0 +y_0=0 +ellps=WGS84 +towgs84=0,0,0,0,0,0,0 +units=m +no_defs"). The excel file (xlsx) provides a short description of the raster layers.
Paper Citation:
Descombes, P. et al. (2020). Spatial modelling of ecological indicator values improves predictions of plant distributions in complex landscapes. Ecography. (accepted)

en: soil-ph soil-moisture soil-mapping switzerland plants ecological-maps landolt ecological-indicator-values

de:
Resource Title: Description
    Size: 15032 bytes
    Format: application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.spreadsheetml.sheet
    URL: https://www.envidat.ch/dataset/4ab13d14-6f96-41fd-96b0-b3ea45278b3d/resource/81c046c3-8d1d-45bc-a833-7d8240cebd12/download/predictors_description.xlsx
    Description: Description of the predictors provided in this dataset

de:
Resource Title: Predictors
    Size: 1022643006 bytes
    Format: application/zip
    URL: https://www.envidat.ch/dataset/4ab13d14-6f96-41fd-96b0-b3ea45278b3d/resource/e0faab13-0d1b-492a-8539-5370d48b9e35/download/predictors.zip
    Description: Predictors generated and used in Descombes et al. (2020)

ecological-indicator-values

display_name: ecological-indicator-values

ecological-maps

display_name: ecological-maps

landolt

display_name: landolt

plants

display_name: plants

soil-mapping

display_name: soil-mapping

soil-moisture

display_name: soil-moisture

soil-ph

display_name: soil-ph

switzerland

display_name: switzerland


en:
This dataset contains all data on which the following publication below is based.
Paper Citation:
Risch, A.C., Frossard, A., Schütz, M., Frey, B., Morris, A.W., Bump, J.K. (accepted) Effects of elk and bison carcasses on soil microbial communities and ecosystem functions in Yellowstone, USA. (accepted). Functional Ecology
doi: ...
Methods
Study area and study sites
This study was conducted in YNP’s Northern Range (NR), located in north-western Wyoming and south-western Montana, USA (~44.9163° N, 110.4169° W). The NR expands over ~1000 km2 and features long cold winters and short dry summers. Grasslands and shrublands dominate the NR that is the home of large migratory herds of bison (winter counts 2017: ~3919 individuals; Geremia, Wallen, & White, 2017) and elk (~5349 individuals) as well as their main predators, approximately five packs of wolves with a total of 33 individuals (Smith et al., 2017). As part of a long-term research program within YNP, wolf predation has been studied since their reintroduction in 1995.
For our study, we received ground-truthed coordinates of bison and elk carcasses from winter 2016/17 (November 2016 through April 2017) from the YNP Wolf Project. Between June 20 and July 1, 2017, we visited 24 carcasses in total. At five sites, we could not sample as the carcasses were no longer found. In total we located remains (hairmats, rumen content, bones, teeth) of 19 adult male and female carcasses (7 bison, 12 elk; Supplementary Table 1). Live body weights of adult bison and elk are approximately 730 kg (male bison), 450 kg (female bison), 330 kg (male elk), and 235 kg (female elk, Meagher, 1973; Quimby & Johnson, 1951).
The kills and subsequent consumption happened between 34 and 173 days prior to our sampling (hereafter “days since kill”, DSK), for which we accounted in our statistics. Note that wolves and other scavengers consumed the soft tissue of the carcasses quickly, hence, there is close to no soft tissue left for decomposition as compared to an intact body left on the soil surface. The 19 carcass sites covered the extent of YNP’s NR, with both bison and elk carcasses showing similar distributions; elevation ranged from 1703 to 2884 m a.s.l. (Supplementary Fig 1 & Supplementary Table 1). The carcasses were all located in grassland or sage-brush shrubland, with or without sparsely scattered trees, and both bison and elk carcasses showed the same distribution of DSK. At each study site, we selected a reference plot (hereafter “control”) that was of comparable size, slope aspect and vegetation to the carcass location (hereafter “carcass”). The control was at least 10 m away (Danell, Berteaux, & Brathen, 2002; Melis et al., 2007) from the carcass itself to ensure the absence of potential direct and indirect carcass effects (paired design; (Bump, Webster, et al., 2009; Bump, Peterson, et al., 2009).
Ecosystem functions and soil properties
We randomly collected 50 g of mineral soil from three locations on both control and carcass plots to a depth of 5 cm with sterile techniques and gently mixed the material to obtain a composite sample. Half the soil sample was immediately bagged in plastic bags (whirl packs), stored in a cooler with ice packs (~5 ºC), sieved (2-mm) and frozen within 4-6 hours of collection to assess soil microbial communities. For this purpose, we extracted total genomic DNA from 0.5 g soil using the PowerSoil DNA Isolation Kit (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany). DNA concentrations were measured using PicoGreen (Molecular Probes, Eugene, OR, USA). PCR amplifications of partial bacterial small-subunit ribosomal RNA genes (region V3–V4 of 16S rRNA) and fungal ribosomal internal transcribed spacers (region ITS2) were performed as described previously (Frey et al., 2016). Each sample consisting of 40 ng DNA was amplified in triplicate and pooled before purification with Agencourt AMPure XP beads (Beckman Colter, Berea, CA, USA) and quantified with the Qubit 2.0 fluorometric system (Life Technologies, Paisley, UK). Amplicons were sent to the Genome Quebec Innovation Center (Montreal, Canada) for barcoding using the Fluidigm Access Array technology and paired-end sequencing on the Illumina MiSeq v3 platform (Illumina Inc., San Diego, CA, USA).
Quality control of bacterial and fungal reads was performed using a customized pipeline (Supplementary Table 2; Frey et al., 2016). Paired-ends reads were matched with USEARCH (Edgar & Flyvbjerg, 2015), substitution errors were corrected using Bayeshammer (Nikolenko, Korobeynikov, & Alekseyev, 2013) and PCR primers were trimmed (allowing for 1 mismatch, read length -300 bp for 16S and -200 bp for ITS primers) using Cutadapt (M. Martin, 2011). Sequences were dereplicated and singleton reads removed prior to clustering into operational taxonomic units (OTUs) at 97% identity using USEARCH (Edgar, 2013). The remaining centroid sequences were tested for the presence of ribosomal signatures using Metaxa2 (Bengtsson-Palme et al., 2015) or ITSx (Bengtsson-Palme et al., 2013). Taxonomic assignments of the OTUs were obtained using Bayesian classifier (Wang, Garrity, Tiedje, & Cole, 2007) with a minimum bootstrap support of 60% implemented in mothur (Schloss et al., 2009) by querying the bacterial and fungal reads against the SILVA Release 128 (Quast et al., 2013) and UNITE 8.0 (Abarenkov et al., 2010) reference databases for 16S and ITS OTUs, respectively.
Abundances of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene and fungal ITS amplicon were determined by quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) on an ABI7500 Fast Real-Time PCR system (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA, USA) as described previously (Frossard et al., 2018). The same primers (without barcodes) and cycling conditions as for the sequencing approach were used for the 16S and ITS qPCR. Three standard curves per target region were obtained using tenfold serial dilutions of plasmids generated from cloned targets (Frey, Niklaus, Kremer, Lüscher, & Zimmermann, 2011). Data were converted to represent mean copy number of targets per gram of soil (dry weight).
The other half of the soil sample was bagged in paper, dried to constant weight at 60°C, passed through a 2 mm sieve and analyzed for total C and N concentration with a CE Instruments NC 2100 soil analyzer (CE Elantech Inc., Lakewood NJ, USA). We also collected 20 mature and undamaged leaves of the dominant grass species growing on control and carcass sites, but taxa were not recorded. The plant material was dried at 60°C, finely ground till homogenized and also analyzed to obtain total C and N concentrations. Soil temperature (10 cm depth) was measured with a waterproof digital thermometer (Barnstead International, Dubuque IA, USA) at three locations each at the control and carcass site. Soil moisture (0 – 10 cm depth) was measured with time domain reflectometry (Field-Scout TDR-100; Spectrum Technologies, Plainfield IL, USA) at five randomly chosen points on control and carcass sites. We measured soil respiration at five randomly chosen points at both control and carcass sites with a PP-Systems SRC-1 soil respiration chamber (closed circuit) attached to a PP-Systems EGM-4 infrared gas analyzer (PP-Systems, Amesbury, MA, USA). For each measurement the soil chamber (15 cm high; 10 cm diameter) was tightly placed on the soil surface, after clipping plants to avoid measuring plant respiration or photosynthesis. Measurements were conducted over 120 s.
In addition, we assessed the decomposition rates of standardized OM using the cotton strip assay (Latter & Howson, 1977; Latter & Walton, 1988). Cotton cloth tensile strength loss (CTSL) is a measure of decomposition, and an index to express the combined effect of soil microclimatic, physical, chemical and biological properties on decomposition while accounting for OM quality (Latter & Walton, 1988; Risch, Jurgensen, & Frank, 2007; Withington & Sanford Jr., 2007). We placed five 20 cm wide x 13 cm long sheets of 100% unbleached cotton cloth (American Type SM 1/18’’, Warp: 34/1, Weft: 20/1, Weave plain, 29.5 picks/cm warp, 22 picks/cm weft, 237 g/m2; Daniel Jenny & Co., Switzerland;) at each carcass and control site vertically into the soil by making slits with a flat spade to a depth of 12 cm. We inserted each cloth with the spade, and then pushed the slit closed to assure tight contact with the soil. The cloths were retrieved after 18 to 27 days. After retrieval, the cloths were air-dried, remaining soil gently removed by hand, and 1.5 cm wide strips were cut at the 3.5-5.0 cm (top) and the 9-10.5 cm (bottom) soil depth. The strips were equilibrated at 50 % relative humidity and 20°C for 48 hours (climate chamber) prior to strength testing (Scanpro Awetron TH-1 tensile strength tester; AB Lorentzen and Wettre, Kista, Sweden). Cotton rotting rate (CRR) = (CTScontrol - CTSfinal/CTSfinal)1/3 * (365/t), where CTScontrol is the cotton tensile strength of a control cloth and CTSfinal the cotton tensile strength of the incubated sample, t is the incubation period in days. Control cloths were inserted into the ground and immediately retrieved to account for tensile strength loss associated with cloth insertion. We averaged the CRR of top and bottom strips for further analyses as no difference was found between the two. All sampling and cloth insertion took place between June 20 and July 1, 2017, cloths were retrieved between July 17 and 20, 2017. Soil respiration, average CRR, vegetation N concentration and vegetation C:N ratio are defined as ecosystem functions, soil C and N concentration, soil temperature and moisture as soil abiotic properties, and bacterial and fungal richness (number of taxa), diversity (Shannon) and abundance as soil biotic properties.
Statistical analyses
Univariate analyses for ecosystem functions, soil biotic and abiotic properties
We tested whether individual ecosystem functions, soil biotic and abiotic properties differed between carcass and control (“Location”), bison and elk (“Species”) and days since kill (“DSK”). For this purpose, we used linear mixed effect models (LMM, “nlme” package v 3.1 – 131.1 in R v 3.4.4; Pinheiro, Bates, DebRoy, & Sarkar, 2018; R Core Team, 2019) with Location, Species, Location x Species and DSK as fixed effects. Site was included as random effect to account for the paired design. We developed a separate model for all dependent variables. All but bacterial richness, fungal richness, fungal diversity and vegetation N concentration were natural-log transformed to meet model assumptions. For each LMM, we calculated contrasts to assess the specific comparisons we were interested in with the “lsmeans” package v 2.27-62 (Lenth & Love, 2018): 1) carcass vs control, 2) carcass bison vs control bison, and 3) carcass elk vs control elk. We also tested whether we had differences between bison and elk carcasses or the sites where bison and elk were killed and included contrasts 4) carcass bison vs carcass elk and 5) control bison vs control elk.
We calculated the log response ratio (LRR = ln[carcass/control]) to obtain carcass effects for all variables for both species separately. LRR - 0 indicates higher value at control compared to carcass, LRR - 0 indicates higher values at carcass compared control. We used LRRs for visualization and to assess spatial patterns in carcass effects across YNP. For this purpose we calculated the Moran’s I statistic for each ecosystem function, soil biotic and abiotic property based on a latitude-longitude matrix with the “moran.test” function in the “spdep” package version 1.1-3 (Bivand et al., 2019).
Multivariate analyses
Rare OTUs, defined as OTUs with a low abundance of reads, were retained in multivariate methods because they only marginally influence these analyses (Gobet, Quince, & Ramette, 2010). Bray–Curtis dissimilarity matrices were generated based on square-root-transformed matrices. We used Principal Coordinate Analyses (PCoA) to assess how soil bacterial and fungal communities differed between control and carcass of bison and elk (“vegan” package v 2.5-4, Oksanen et al., 2019). We then extracted PCoA axes scores 1 and 2 and used LMM (“nlme” package) with Location, Species, Location x Species and DSK as fixed effects. Site was, again, included as random effect. We again calculated the contrasts as described above using the “lsmeans” package. We also assessed how ecosystem functions, and soil abiotic and biotic properties were related to the soil bacteria and fungi community structure associated with bison and elk control and carcasses using the “envfit” function in the “vegan” package (Oksanen et al., 2019).
Indicator species analyses were performed using the multipatt function implemented in the “indicspecies” package version 1.7.6 with 100000 permutations (De Caceres & Jansen, 2016). This step allowed to identify OTUs that led to changes in multivariate patterns between control and carcass of both bison and elk separately (De Cáceres, Legendre, & Moretti, 2010). The multipatt function uses a point biserial correlation coefficient statistical test. Indicator OTUs were defined as bacterial and fungal OTUs with more than 50 sequences, i.e., removing rare taxa and taxa with low abundances containing little indicator information (Rime et al., 2015) and that were significantly correlated with Location (p - 0.05, correlation coefficient - 0.3). A heatmap of these OTUs were generated with the vegan and ggplot2 packages. The indicator analyses were performed in R version 3.3.3 (R Core Team, 2017).
References
Abarenkov, K., Henrik Nilsson, R., Larsson, K.-H., Alexander, I. J., Eberhardt, U., Erland, S., … Kõljalg, U. (2010). The UNITE database for molecular identification of fungi – recent updates and future perspectives. New Phytologist, 186(2), 281–285. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2009.03160.x
Bengtsson-Palme, J., Hartmann, M., Eriksson, K. M., Pal, C., Thorell, K., Larsson, D. G. J., & Nilsson, R. H. (2015). metaxa2: improved identification and taxonomic classification of small and large subunit rRNA in metagenomic data. Molecular Ecology Resources, 15(6), 1403–1414. doi:10.1111/1755-0998.12399
Bengtsson-Palme, J., Ryberg, M., Hartmann, M., Branco, S., Wang, Z., Godhe, A., … Nilsson, R. H. (2013). Improved software detection and extraction of ITS1 and ITS2 from ribosomal ITS sequences of fungi and other eukaryotes for analysis of environmental sequencing data. Methods in Ecology and Evolution, 4(10), 914–919. doi:10.1111/2041-210X.12073
Bivand, R., Altman, M., Anselin, L., Assuncao, R., Berke, O., Blanchet, G., … Yu, D. (2019). spdep: Spatial dependence, weighthing schemes, statistics. R package version 1.1-3.
Bump, J. K., Peterson, R. O., & Vucetich, J. A. (2009). Wolves modulate soil nutrient heterogeneity and foliar nitrogen by configuring the distribution of ungulate carcasses. Ecology, 90(11), 3159–3167.
Bump, J. K., Webster, C. R., Vucetich, J. A., Peterson, R. O., Shields, J. M., & Powers, M. D. (2009). Ungulate carcasses perforate ecological filters and create biogeochemical hotspots in forest herbaceous layers allowing trees a competitive advantage. Ecosystems, 12(6), 996–1007. doi:10.1007/s10021-009-9274-0
Danell, K., Berteaux, D., & Brathen, K. A. (2002). Effect of muskox carcasses on nitrogen concentration in tundra vegetation. Arctic, 55(4), 389392.
De Caceres, M., & Jansen, F. (2016). indicspecies: relationship between species and groups of species. R package version 1.7.6.
De Cáceres, M., Legendre, P., & Moretti, M. (2010). Improving indicator species analysis by combining groups of sites. Oikos, 119(10), 1674–1684. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0706.2010.18334.x
Edgar, R. C. (2013). UPARSE: highly accurate OTU sequences from microbial amplicon reads. Nature Methods, 10, 996.
Edgar, R. C., & Flyvbjerg, H. (2015). Error filtering, pair assembly and error correction for next-generation sequencing reads. Bioinformatics, 31(21), 3476–3482. doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/btv401
Frey, B., Niklaus, P. A., Kremer, J., Lüscher, P., & Zimmermann, S. (2011). Heavy-machinery traffic impacts methane emissions as well as methanogen abundance and community structure in oxic forest soils. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 77(17), 6060–6068. doi:10.1128/AEM.05206-11
Frey, B., Rime, T., Phillips, M., Stierli, B., Hajdas, I., Widmer, F., & Hartmann, M. (2016). Microbial diversity in European alpine permafrost and active layers. FEMS Microbial Ecology, 92(3), fiw018.
Frossard, A., Donhauser, J., Mestrot, A., Gygax, S., Bååth, E., & Frey, B. (2018). Long- and short-term effects of mercury pollution on the soil microbiome. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 120, 191–199. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2018.01.028
Geremia, C., Wallen, R., & White, P. J. (2017). Status report of the Yellowstone bison population, September 2017. Yellowstone National Park, Mammoth, WY, USA: National Park Service, Yellowstone Center for Resources.
Gobet, A., Quince, C., & Ramette, A. (2010). Multivariate cutoff level analysis (MultiCoLA) of large community data sets. Nucleic Acids Research, 38(15), e155–e155. doi:10.1093/nar/gkq545
Latter, P., & Howson, G. (1977). The use of cotton strips to indicate cellulose decomposition in the field. Pedobiologia, (17), 145–155.
Latter, P., & Walton, D. (1988). The cotton strip assay for cellulose decomposition studies in soil: history of the assay and development. In Cotton strip assay: an index for decomposition in soils (pp. 7–9). ITE Symposium, Institute of Terrestrial Ecology, Natural Environment Research Council, UK.
Lenth, R., & Love, J. (2018). lsmeans: least-squares means. R package version 2.27-62.
Martin, M. (2011). Cutadapt removes adapter sequences from high-throughput sequencing reads. EMBnet.Journal, 17(1), 10–12.
Meagher, M. M. (1973). The bison of Yellowstone National Park. NPS Scientific Monograph (Vol. 1). National Park Service, Yellowstone Center for Resources.
Melis, C., Selva, N., Teurlings, I., Skarpe, C., Linnell, J. D. C., & Andersen, R. (2007). Soil and vegetation nutrient response to bison carcasses in Białowieża Primeval Forest, Poland. Ecological Research, 22(5), 807–813. doi:10.1007/s11284-006-0321-4
Nikolenko, S. I., Korobeynikov, A. I., & Alekseyev, M. A. (2013). BayesHammer: Bayesian clustering for error correction in single-cell sequencing. BMC Genomics, 14(1), S7. doi:10.1186/1471-2164-14-S1-S7
Oksanen, J., Blanchet, F. G., Friendly, M., Kindt, R., Legendre, P., McGlinn, D., … Wagner, H. H. (2019). vegan: community ecology package. R package version 2.5-4.
Pinheiro, J., Bates, D., DebRoy, S., & Sarkar, D. (2018). nlme: Linear and nonlinear mixed effect models. R package version 3.1-131.1.
Quast, C., Pruesse, E., Yilmaz, P., Gerken, J., Schweer, T., Yarza, P., … Glöckner, F. O. (2013). The SILVA ribosomal RNA gene database project: improved data processing and web-based tools. Nucleic Acids Research, 41(Database issue), D590–D596. doi:10.1093/nar/gks1219
Quimby, D. C., & Johnson, D. E. (1951). Weights and measurements of Rocky Mountain elk. Journal of Wildlife Management, 15, 57–62.
R Core Team. (2017). R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Zurich, Switzerland.
R Core Team. (2019). R: A language and environment for statistical computing. Vienna, Austria: R Foundation for Statistical Computing.
Rime, T., Hartmann, M., Brunner, I., Widmer, F., Zeyer, J., & Frey, B. (2015). Vertical distribution of the soil microbiota along a successional gradient in a glacier forefield. Molecular Ecology, 24(5), 1091–1108. doi:10.1111/mec.13051
Risch, A. C., Jurgensen, M. F., & Frank, D. A. (2007). Effects of grazing and soil micro-climate on decomposition rates in a spatio-temporally heterogeneous grassland. Plant and Soil, 298(1–2), 191–201. doi:10.1007/s11104-007-9354-x
Schloss, P. D., Westcott, S. L., Ryabin, T., Hall, J. R., Hartmann, M., Hollister, E. B., … Weber, C. F. (2009). Introducing mothur: open-source, platform-independent, community-supported software for describing and comparing microbial communities. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 75(23), 7537–7541. doi:10.1128/AEM.01541-09
Smith, D., Stahler, D., Cassidy, K., Stahler, E., Metz, M., Cassidy, B., … Cato, E. (2018). Yellowstone National Park wolf project annual report 2017. Yellowstone National Park, Mammoth, WY, USA: National Park Service, Yellowstone Center of Resources.
Wang, Q., Garrity, G. M., Tiedje, J. M., & Cole, J. R. (2007). Naive Bayesian classifier for rapid assignment of rRNA sequences into the new bacterial taxonomy. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 73(16), 5261–5267. doi:10.1128/AEM.00062-07
Withington, C., & Sanford Jr., R. (2007). Decomposition rates of buried substances increase with altitude in a forest-alpine tundra ecotone. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, (39), 68–75.
Please cite this paper together with the citation for the datafile.

en: carcass soil-biodiversity wolf carrion decomposition yellowstone bacteria detritus fungi biogeochemical-cycling

envidat

en: EnviDat is the WSL data portal providing unified and managed access to environmental monitoring and research data. The portal has the capability to host and publish data sets. Through the sharing of unique and high-value data sets worldwide, EnviDat fosters research and contributes to advancing environmental science.

de: EnviDat ist das Datenportal der WSL für einen einheitlichen und verwalteten Zugang zu Umweltdaten aus Monitoring- und Forschungsprojekten. Auf dem Portal können Datensätze gehostet und veröffentlicht werden. Durch die weltweite Bereitstellung einzigartiger und wertvoller Datensätze leistet EnviDat einen Beitrag zur Forschung im Bereich der Umweltwissenschaften.

de: EnviDat: das Umwelt-Datenportal

en: Elk and bison carcasses in Yellowstone, USA

bacteria

display_name: bacteria

biogeochemical-cycling

display_name: biogeochemical-cycling

carcass

display_name: carcass

carrion

display_name: carrion

decomposition

display_name: decomposition

detritus

display_name: detritus

fungi

display_name: fungi

soil-biodiversity

display_name: soil-biodiversity

wolf

display_name: wolf

yellowstone

display_name: yellowstone


en: Snow and air data was monitored at Gotschnagrat (LON: 46.859 LAT: 9.849) by an infrarot radiometer (Campbell SI-111) for snow temperature (°C), a snow height sensor (Lufft SHM-31) for snow height change (cm) and a temperature and humidity sensor (Campbell CS-215) for air temperature (°C) and relative humidity (%). No filter was applied to the sensors and the smapling frequency was 1 Hz.

en: snow snow-temperature raclets temperature snow-depth snow-height

envidat

en: EnviDat: the Environmental Data Portal

de: EnviDat

en: Snow Drift Station - Snow and Air Data

de:
Resource Title: Air Temperature
    Size: 1049937 bytes
    Format: application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.spreadsheetml.sheet
    URL: https://www.envidat.ch/dataset/c589c4cf-9f53-4d76-b1df-bae465ddda1f/resource/78d7e676-0f61-45a9-9dcf-67d0404e5382/download/air_temperature.xlsx
    Description: The air temperature (°C) was measured with a Campbell CS-215 which was mounted at a height of 2.2 m above ground. The time is given in UTC+1.

de:
Resource Title: Snow Surface Temperature
    Size: 1101244 bytes
    Format: application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.spreadsheetml.sheet
    URL: https://www.envidat.ch/dataset/c589c4cf-9f53-4d76-b1df-bae465ddda1f/resource/7a1b830b-a1a2-42b8-8789-915904920f54/download/snow_surface_temperature.xlsx
    Description: The snow surface temperature (°C) was measured with a Campbell SI-111 at 0.7 m above ground. The time is given in UTC+1.

de:
Resource Title: Relative Humidity
    Size: 991506 bytes
    Format: application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.spreadsheetml.sheet
    URL: https://www.envidat.ch/dataset/c589c4cf-9f53-4d76-b1df-bae465ddda1f/resource/64062bd7-0d09-4038-95cc-1028e196698e/download/air_relative_humidity.xlsx
    Description: The relative humidity (%) was measured with a Campbell CS-215 at a height of 2.2 m above ground. The time is given in UTC+1.

de:
Resource Title: Snow Depth
    Size: 830403 bytes
    Format: application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.spreadsheetml.sheet
    URL: https://www.envidat.ch/dataset/c589c4cf-9f53-4d76-b1df-bae465ddda1f/resource/50a2778f-14cd-4871-a9cc-67c1a4d1b31d/download/snow_depth.xlsx
    Description: The snow depth (cm) was measured with a Lufft SHM-31 which was mounted at 1.7 m above ground. The time is given in UTC+1.

raclets

display_name: raclets

snow

display_name: snow

snow-depth

display_name: snow-depth

snow-height

display_name: snow-height

snow-temperature

display_name: snow-temperature

temperature

display_name: temperature


en: The FlowCapt is an ultra-robust instrument measuring solid particle acoustic mass - flux intensities (g m&8254; &178; s&8254; &185;) and wind speeds (m s&8254; &185;). It was deployed at Gotschnagrat (LON: 46.859 LAT: 9.849). The vertical tube with a length of 1 m monitors snowdrift and snow-blowing; and is mounted at a height between 0.1 an 1.1 m above snow surface. The time within each data set is given in UTC+1.

en: acoustic-mass-flux snow-blowing snowdrift raclets flowcapt wind-speed

en: Snow Drift Station - Flowcapt

envi

en: Environment

de:
Resource Title: minimum mass flux
    Size: 69211 bytes
    Format: application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.spreadsheetml.sheet
    URL: https://www.envidat.ch/dataset/dad6d388-e76d-4f27-8b1e-0028aa9f3d23/resource/286c7415-907c-4f97-a9e2-6b9659f023dc/download/flowcapt_massflux_min.xlsx
    Description: The data file contains the minimum mass flux of 10 minute intervalls. The duration of one cycle was 1 min and contained 6s observations and 54 s stand-by. The time is given in UTC+1.

de:
Resource Title: minimum wind spees
    Size: 68651 bytes
    Format: application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.spreadsheetml.sheet
    URL: https://www.envidat.ch/dataset/dad6d388-e76d-4f27-8b1e-0028aa9f3d23/resource/89e6e1e3-ceea-473f-bb4d-0735df53bf90/download/flowcapt_windspeed_min.xlsx
    Description: The data file contains the minimum wind speed in 10 minute intervalls. The duration of one cycle was 1 min and contained 6s observations and 54 s stand-by. The time is given in UTC+1.

de:
Resource Title: maximum mass flux
    Size: 73039 bytes
    Format: application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.spreadsheetml.sheet
    URL: https://www.envidat.ch/dataset/dad6d388-e76d-4f27-8b1e-0028aa9f3d23/resource/760227b7-3ef2-4164-bae3-bc59652d28e8/download/flowcapt_massflux_max.xlsx
    Description: The data file contains the maximum mass flux of 10 minute intervalls. The duration of one cycle was 1 min and contained 6s observations and 54 s stand-by. The time is given in UTC+1.

de:
Resource Title: average wind speed
    Size: 73245 bytes
    Format: application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.spreadsheetml.sheet
    URL: https://www.envidat.ch/dataset/dad6d388-e76d-4f27-8b1e-0028aa9f3d23/resource/41378f42-ff53-4961-aa5e-58aa7a9ef771/download/flowcapt_windspeed_avg.xlsx
    Description: The data file contains the average wind speed in 10 minute intervalls. The duration of one cycle was 1 min and contained 6s observations and 54 s stand-by. The time is given in UTC+1.

de:
Resource Title: maximum wind speed
    Size: 74090 bytes
    Format: application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.spreadsheetml.sheet
    URL: https://www.envidat.ch/dataset/dad6d388-e76d-4f27-8b1e-0028aa9f3d23/resource/d8324ec0-7d85-49e1-8978-ea460ca92386/download/flowcapt_windspeed_max.xlsx
    Description: The data file contains the maximum wind speed in 10 minute intervalls. The duration of one cycle was 1 min and contained 6 s observations and 54 s stand-by. The time is given in UTC+1.

de:
Resource Title: avergaged mass flux
    Size: 71943 bytes
    Format: application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.spreadsheetml.sheet
    URL: https://www.envidat.ch/dataset/dad6d388-e76d-4f27-8b1e-0028aa9f3d23/resource/923d9c5c-7bbd-4e31-8ff8-11feb1e86498/download/flowcapt_massflux_avg.xlsx
    Description: Average mass flux of 10 min measurement interval. The Cycle duration is 1 min which includes 6 s observation and 54 s stand-by. The time is given in UTC+1.

acoustic-mass-flux

display_name: acoustic-mass-flux

flowcapt

display_name: flowcapt

snow-blowing

display_name: snow-blowing

snowdrift

display_name: snowdrift

wind-speed

display_name: wind-speed


en: The dataset contains weather parameters measured at Davos Wolfgang (LON: 9.853594, LAT: 46.835577).

en: temperature pressure raclets relative-humidity weather

en: Weather Station Davos Wolfgang

envi

de: Umwelt

pressure

display_name: pressure

relative-humidity

display_name: relative-humidity

weather

display_name: weather


en: Two surveys on the topic of data usage where conducted for the Global Cryosphere Watch data portal. The first one focused on the data provider point of view while the second one focused on the data user point of view. 37 data providers (ie institutions) worldwide provided their answers for the first survey (from fall 2017 until summer 2018) while 54 users (contacted through various mailing list such as the Cryolist) answered the questions on their third party data usage (fall 2019 until January 2020).

en: data-portal data-usage gcw automatic-publication data-exchange

en: Global Cryosphere Watch data survey

de:
Resource Title: Third party data usage
    Size: 12209 bytes
    Format: text/csv
    URL: https://www.envidat.ch/dataset/398f1c0b-7be9-4dd7-ae44-e1935412316a/resource/878a32ff-590f-4671-95bb-1e9a212340ea/download/gcw_third_party_data_usage.csv
    Description:

de:
Resource Title: Data interoperability survey
    Size: 7860 bytes
    Format: text/csv
    URL: https://www.envidat.ch/dataset/398f1c0b-7be9-4dd7-ae44-e1935412316a/resource/d73a816a-004c-44a4-8e79-07044a3d715d/download/gcw_dataportal_interoperability_survey.csv
    Description:

automatic-publication

display_name: automatic-publication

data-exchange

display_name: data-exchange

data-portal

display_name: data-portal

data-usage

display_name: data-usage

gcw

display_name: gcw


en:
These data on snow instability include three data subsets that were analyzed and the results published by Reuter and Schweizer (2018) who suggest a novel framework on how to describe snow instability by failure initiation, crack propagation and slab tensile support.
Please refer to the Read-me file for further details on the data.
These data are the basis of the following publication:
Reuter, B. and Schweizer, J., 2018. Describing snow instability by failure initiation, crack propagation and slab tensile support. Geophys. Res. Lett., 45, doi: 10.1029/2018GL078069.

en: failure-initiation slab crack-propagation propgatoin-saw-test rutschblock snow-avalanche slab-tensile-support avalanche-forcasting weak-layer snow-stability-evaluation

en: Data set on snow instability

de:
Resource Title: Read-me file on snow instability data
    Size: 172308 bytes
    Format: application/pdf
    URL: https://www.envidat.ch/dataset/3735a11a-34a5-4a83-b2db-ed22484589d8/resource/7ca3bf86-f927-43d0-bc49-56b444d42dcb/download/read-me_data_sets_snow_instability.pdf
    Description:

de:
Resource Title: data set on snow instability
    Size: 10332 bytes
    Format: text/csv
    URL: https://www.envidat.ch/dataset/3735a11a-34a5-4a83-b2db-ed22484589d8/resource/25cec3bc-4c79-411b-b04f-5bee43114c42/download/snow_instability_data.csv
    Description:

avalanche-forcasting

display_name: avalanche-forcasting

crack-propagation

display_name: crack-propagation

failure-initiation

display_name: failure-initiation

propgatoin-saw-test

display_name: propgatoin-saw-test

rutschblock

display_name: rutschblock

slab

display_name: slab

slab-tensile-support

display_name: slab-tensile-support

snow-avalanche

display_name: snow-avalanche

snow-stability-evaluation

display_name: snow-stability-evaluation

weak-layer

display_name: weak-layer


en:
1. Stand characteristics of treeline ecotone along 18 elevational gradients of the Ural mountains.
2. Extrapolated climate data at treeline using nearby meteo station (1976-2006).
3. Air and soil temperatures measured in situ at treeline in the South and Polar Urals. Soil temperature sensors were placed at 10 cm depth in open areas in between tree clusters but not under tree canopy.
4. Further plot specific information is available upon request.

en: elevational-gradient air-temperature latitude phosphorus treeline soil-temperature biomass climate nitrogen permafrost soil

envidat

en: EnviDat is the WSL data portal providing unified and managed access to environmental monitoring and research data. The portal has the capability to host and publish data sets. Through the sharing of unique and high-value data sets worldwide, EnviDat fosters research and contributes to advancing environmental science.

de: EnviDat ist das Datenportal der WSL für einen einheitlichen und verwalteten Zugang zu Umweltdaten aus Monitoring- und Forschungsprojekten. Auf dem Portal können Datensätze gehostet und veröffentlicht werden. Durch die weltweite Bereitstellung einzigartiger und wertvoller Datensätze leistet EnviDat einen Beitrag zur Forschung im Bereich der Umweltwissenschaften.

de: EnviDat: das Umwelt-Datenportal

en: Urals: latitudinal decline in treeline biomass and productivity

air-temperature

display_name: air-temperature

biomass

display_name: biomass

climate

display_name: climate

elevational-gradient

display_name: elevational-gradient

latitude

display_name: latitude

nitrogen

display_name: nitrogen

permafrost

display_name: permafrost

phosphorus

display_name: phosphorus

soil

display_name: soil

soil-temperature

display_name: soil-temperature

treeline

display_name: treeline


en:
High quality meteorological data are needed for long-term forest ecosystem research, particularly in the light of global change. The long-term data series published here comprises almost 20 years of measurements for two meteorological stations in Beatenberg in Switzerland where one station is located within a natural coniferous forest (BAB) with Norway spruce (_Picea abies_; 190-210 yrs) as dominant tree species. A second station is situated in the very vicinity outside of the forest (field station, BAF). The meteorological time series are presented in hourly time resolution of air temperature, relative humidity, precipitation, photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) and wind speed. Beatenberg is part of the Long-term Forest Ecosystem Research Programme (LWF) established and maintained by the
Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL.

en: par long-term wind-speed precipitation relative-humidity meteo swiss-forest-lab temperature climate-change meteorology

envidat

en: EnviDat: the Environmental Data Portal

de: EnviDat

en: Beatenberg, Switzerland: Long-term forest meteorological data from the Long-term Forest Ecosystem Research Programme (LWF), from 1997 onwards

de:
Resource Title: Data plot of the forest station (BAB)
    Size: 264859 bytes
    Format: application/pdf
    URL: https://www.envidat.ch/dataset/29e5645c-8572-4fb3-ada6-d63fb0f4a1f2/resource/8c00d355-294d-4f2f-b4dc-07040fb26cf9/download/babplot.pdf
    Description: Data overview for air temperature, relative humidity, precipitation, PAR, wind speed.

de:
Resource Title: Site photo of the field station (BAF)
    Size: 572287 bytes
    Format: image/jpeg
    URL: https://www.envidat.ch/dataset/29e5645c-8572-4fb3-ada6-d63fb0f4a1f2/resource/47eb2579-665a-4d7a-b12c-dd900596ce1a/download/baf.jpg
    Description: Site photo of the field station from below (viewing upwards the slope).

de:
Resource Title: Site aerial photo (Beatenberg)
    Size: 7606891 bytes
    Format: image/jpeg
    URL: https://www.envidat.ch/dataset/29e5645c-8572-4fb3-ada6-d63fb0f4a1f2/resource/8bc02435-75c6-4d95-b9c0-cfc2d2bef9ca/download/bafront.jpg
    Description: Site aerial photo from both Beatenberg stations. Source: Google. 2016. Site aerial photo from both Beatenberg stations. Retrieved November 11, 2016, from https://www.google.ch/maps

de:
Resource Title: Field station data (BAF)
    Size: 10526030 bytes
    Format: text/csv
    URL: https://www.envidat.ch/dataset/29e5645c-8572-4fb3-ada6-d63fb0f4a1f2/resource/49b0170b-e917-43ee-bdac-d34c0a84a1c4/download/baffield.csv
    Description: Data file.

de:
Resource Title: Site photo of the forest station (BAB)
    Size: 4369495 bytes
    Format: image/jpeg
    URL: https://www.envidat.ch/dataset/29e5645c-8572-4fb3-ada6-d63fb0f4a1f2/resource/a9319eac-4faa-4d52-b421-9f7bb84e28c8/download/bab.jpg
    Description: Site photo of the forest station from below (viewing upwards the slope).

de:
Resource Title: Data plot of the field station (BAF)
    Size: 344142 bytes
    Format: application/pdf
    URL: https://www.envidat.ch/dataset/29e5645c-8572-4fb3-ada6-d63fb0f4a1f2/resource/b262014f-928c-4dde-8753-9a1114bca646/download/bafplot.pdf
    Description: Data overview for air temperature, relative humidity, precipitation, PAR, wind speed.

de:
Resource Title: Forest station data (BAB)
    Size: 10587165 bytes
    Format: text/csv
    URL: https://www.envidat.ch/dataset/29e5645c-8572-4fb3-ada6-d63fb0f4a1f2/resource/570f2184-ab50-4d27-95b3-719a232be310/download/babforest.csv
    Description: Data file.

climate-change

display_name: climate-change

long-term

display_name: long-term

meteo

display_name: meteo

meteorology

display_name: meteorology

par

display_name: par

precipitation

display_name: precipitation

relative-humidity

display_name: relative-humidity

swiss-forest-lab

display_name: swiss-forest-lab

temperature

display_name: temperature

wind-speed

display_name: wind-speed


en: High quality meteorological data are needed for long-term forest ecosystem research, particularly in the light of global change. The long-term data series published here comprises almost 20 years of measurements for two meteorological stations in Jussy in Switzerland where one station is located within a natural broad-leaved forest stand (JUB) with sessile oak (_Quercus petrea_; 90 yrs), aspen (_Populus tremula_; 60 yrs) and European hornbeam (_Carpinus betulus_; 60 yrs) as dominant tree species. A second station is situated in the very vicinity outside of the forest (field station, JUF). The meteorological time series are presented in hourly time resolution of air temperature, relative humidity, precipitation, photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) and wind speed. Jussy is part of the Long-term Forest Ecosystem Research Programme (LWF) established and maintained by the Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL.

en: precipitation meteorology meteo swiss-forest-lab temperature climate-change relative-humidity par long-term wind-speed

en: Jussy, Switzerland: Long-term forest meteorological data from the Long-term Forest Ecosystem Research Programme (LWF), from 1997 onwards

envi

en: Environment

de:
Resource Title: Forest station data (JUB)
    Size: 10879542 bytes
    Format: text/csv
    URL: https://www.envidat.ch/dataset/936684d9-ba55-49bb-b098-9ffbaf08261f/resource/d29d718d-5305-41ba-9d6d-811615b45586/download/jubforest.csv
    Description: Data file.

de:
Resource Title: Site photo of the forest station (JUB)
    Size: 5383408 bytes
    Format: image/jpeg
    URL: https://www.envidat.ch/dataset/936684d9-ba55-49bb-b098-9ffbaf08261f/resource/1bbb5ed2-481b-41fe-91c1-b2976b26b8c8/download/jub.jpg
    Description: Site photo of the forest station from the side.

de:
Resource Title: Data plot of the field station (JUF)
    Size: 281673 bytes
    Format: application/pdf
    URL: https://www.envidat.ch/dataset/936684d9-ba55-49bb-b098-9ffbaf08261f/resource/a9f24dcd-7e4a-4b63-8dbe-29e136d81b4c/download/jufplot.pdf
    Description: Data overview for air temperature, relative humidity, precipitation, PAR, wind speed.

de:
Resource Title: Data plot of the field station (JUF)
    Size: 11278059 bytes
    Format: text/csv
    URL: https://www.envidat.ch/dataset/936684d9-ba55-49bb-b098-9ffbaf08261f/resource/a3786108-900a-4eed-a325-0277a5c7000f/download/juffield.csv
    Description: Data file.

de:
Resource Title: Site aerial photo (Jussy)
    Size: 9075365 bytes
    Format: image/jpeg
    URL: https://www.envidat.ch/dataset/936684d9-ba55-49bb-b098-9ffbaf08261f/resource/7081d2c5-f8df-4bcd-bddd-5d9e3ece1239/download/jufront.jpg
    Description: Site aerial photo from both Jussy stations. Source: Google. 2016. Site aerial photo from both Jussy stations. Retrieved November 11, 2016, from https://www.google.ch/maps

de:
Resource Title: Data plot of the forest station (JUB)
    Size: 238163 bytes
    Format: application/pdf
    URL: https://www.envidat.ch/dataset/936684d9-ba55-49bb-b098-9ffbaf08261f/resource/7ee946ed-f2cd-4c63-8b28-41f5c804b1a9/download/jubplot.pdf
    Description: Data overview for air temperature, relative humidity, precipitation, PAR, wind speed.

de:
Resource Title: Site photo of the field station (JUF)
    Size: 627860 bytes
    Format: image/jpeg
    URL: https://www.envidat.ch/dataset/936684d9-ba55-49bb-b098-9ffbaf08261f/resource/748cb54f-8eee-4777-b194-49903ae68da5/download/juf.jpg
    Description: Site photo of the field station from the side.


en: High quality meteorological data are needed for long-term forest ecosystem research, particularly in the light of global change. The long-term data series published here comprises almost 20 years of measurements for two meteorological stations in Isone in Switzerland where one station is located within a natural broad-leaved forest stand (ISB) with European beech (_Fagus sylvatica_; 70-100 yrs) as dominant tree species. A second station is situated in the very vicinity outside of the forest (field station, ISF). The meteorological time series are presented in hourly time resolution of air temperature, relative humidity, precipitation, photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) and wind speed. Isone is part of the Long-term Forest Ecosystem Research Programme (LWF) established and maintained by the Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL.

en: meteo swiss-forest-lab temperature climate-change meteorology par long-term wind-speed precipitation relative-humidity

envidat

de: EnviDat ist das Datenportal der WSL für einen einheitlichen und verwalteten Zugang zu Umweltdaten aus Monitoring- und Forschungsprojekten. Auf dem Portal können Datensätze gehostet und veröffentlicht werden. Durch die weltweite Bereitstellung einzigartiger und wertvoller Datensätze leistet EnviDat einen Beitrag zur Forschung im Bereich der Umweltwissenschaften.

en: Isone, Switzerland: Long-term forest meteorological data from the Long-term Forest Ecosystem Research Programme (LWF), from 1997 onwards

de: Umwelt

de:
Resource Title: Data plot of the forest station (ISB)
    Size: 267085 bytes
    Format: application/pdf
    URL: https://www.envidat.ch/dataset/b48da3b5-35c1-4aba-beba-cc1f925d9c86/resource/033d3da4-44f8-4d89-8171-0d15f67e1952/download/isbplot.pdf
    Description: Data overview for air temperature, relative humidity, precipitation, PAR, wind speed.

de:
Resource Title: Site photo of the forest station (ISB)
    Size: 2398813 bytes
    Format: image/jpeg
    URL: https://www.envidat.ch/dataset/b48da3b5-35c1-4aba-beba-cc1f925d9c86/resource/3708a679-f50e-41ab-b747-1373bc8b18d7/download/cib.jpg
    Description: Site photo of the forest station from below (viewing upwards the slope).

de:
Resource Title: Field station data (ISF)
    Size: 10395232 bytes
    Format: text/csv
    URL: https://www.envidat.ch/dataset/b48da3b5-35c1-4aba-beba-cc1f925d9c86/resource/a90d31c4-4c29-41a0-86b0-81e4491ba5aa/download/isffield.csv
    Description: Data file.

de:
Resource Title: Forest station data (ISB)
    Size: 10277088 bytes
    Format: text/csv
    URL: https://www.envidat.ch/dataset/b48da3b5-35c1-4aba-beba-cc1f925d9c86/resource/6194aad2-dc30-4d91-b772-5fcdf767e8cd/download/isbforest.csv
    Description: Data file.

de:
Resource Title: Site aerial photo (Isone)
    Size: 7934755 bytes
    Format: image/jpeg
    URL: https://www.envidat.ch/dataset/b48da3b5-35c1-4aba-beba-cc1f925d9c86/resource/b75f3180-0595-425e-b7d3-900d3d308876/download/isfront.jpg
    Description: Site aerial photo from both Isone stations. Source: Google. 2016. Site aerial photo from both Isone stations. Retrieved November 11, 2016, from https://www.google.ch/maps

de:
Resource Title: Site photo of the field station (ISF)
    Size: 598751 bytes
    Format: image/jpeg
    URL: https://www.envidat.ch/dataset/b48da3b5-35c1-4aba-beba-cc1f925d9c86/resource/8324a18f-3a37-4ab3-b26b-31b8060e863b/download/isf.jpg
    Description: Site photo of the field station from the side.

de:
Resource Title: Data plot of the field station (ISF)
    Size: 305632 bytes
    Format: application/pdf
    URL: https://www.envidat.ch/dataset/b48da3b5-35c1-4aba-beba-cc1f925d9c86/resource/f8cd0686-ca24-4c33-ba21-b2e92f88e7a8/download/isfplot.pdf
    Description: Data overview for air temperature, relative humidity, precipitation, PAR, wind speed.


en: High quality meteorological data are needed for long-term forest ecosystem research, particularly in the light of global change. The long-term data series published here comprises almost 20 years of measurements for two meteorological stations in Bettlachstock in Switzerland where one station is located within a natural mixed forest stand (BTB) with European beech (_Fagus sylvatica_; 170-190 yrs), European silver fir (_Abies alba_; 190 yrs) and Norway spruce (_Picea abies_; 200 yrs) as dominant tree species. A second station is situated in the very vicinity outside of the forest (field station, BTF). The meteorological time series are presented in hourly time resolution of air temperature, relative humidity, precipitation, photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) and wind speed. Bettlachstock is part of the Long-term Forest Ecosystem Research Programme (LWF) established and maintained by the Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL.

en: meteo swiss-forest-lab temperature climate-change precipitation meteorology par long-term wind-speed relative-humidity

de: EnviDat: das Umwelt-Datenportal

de: EnviDat

en: Bettlachstock, Switzerland: Long-term forest meteorological data from the Long-term Forest Ecosystem Research Programme (LWF), from 1997 onwards

de:
Resource Title: Field station data (BTF)
    Size: 10564448 bytes
    Format: text/csv
    URL: https://www.envidat.ch/dataset/0f38b063-ae05-4dbb-8bcb-412742322356/resource/2023a762-91e8-4134-8375-5318d0931000/download/btffield.csv
    Description: Data file.

de:
Resource Title: Data plot of the forest station (BTB)
    Size: 10615656 bytes
    Format: text/csv
    URL: https://www.envidat.ch/dataset/0f38b063-ae05-4dbb-8bcb-412742322356/resource/9c6f3b1e-08ca-4a04-9900-e3b3310ee5a9/download/btbforest.csv
    Description: Data file.

de:
Resource Title: Site photo of the forest station (BTB)
    Size: 450607 bytes
    Format: image/jpeg
    URL: https://www.envidat.ch/dataset/0f38b063-ae05-4dbb-8bcb-412742322356/resource/88f960c4-e12a-4920-9470-fd719e7341a7/download/btb.jpg
    Description: Site photo of the forest station from the side.

de:
Resource Title: Data plot of the field station (BTF)
    Size: 338704 bytes
    Format: application/pdf
    URL: https://www.envidat.ch/dataset/0f38b063-ae05-4dbb-8bcb-412742322356/resource/1872c8f8-a9a2-404c-9daa-137438b57f57/download/btfplot.pdf
    Description: Data overview for air temperature, relative humidity, precipitation, PAR, wind speed.

de:
Resource Title: Site aerial photo (Bettlachstock)
    Size: 8047175 bytes
    Format: image/jpeg
    URL: https://www.envidat.ch/dataset/0f38b063-ae05-4dbb-8bcb-412742322356/resource/14ff521f-c40e-4e41-80dc-d528ce67f2dc/download/btfront.jpg
    Description: Site aerial photo from both Bettlachstock stations. Source: Google. 2016. Site aerial photo from both Bettlachstock stations. Retrieved November 11, 2016, from https://www.google.ch/maps

de:
Resource Title: Site photo of the field station (BTF)
    Size: 1053149 bytes
    Format: image/jpeg
    URL: https://www.envidat.ch/dataset/0f38b063-ae05-4dbb-8bcb-412742322356/resource/f14a8be4-9b7e-46de-a47b-f47380347bc8/download/btf.jpg
    Description: Site photo of the field station from the side.

de:
Resource Title: Data plot of the forest station (BTB)
    Size: 272856 bytes
    Format: application/pdf
    URL: https://www.envidat.ch/dataset/0f38b063-ae05-4dbb-8bcb-412742322356/resource/3aff106e-8797-464e-bd70-efdc4415e625/download/btbplot.pdf
    Description: Data overview for air temperature, relative humidity, precipitation, PAR, wind speed.


en: High quality meteorological data are needed for long-term forest ecosystem research, particularly in the light of global change. The long-term data series published here comprises almost 20 years of measurements for two meteorological stations in Chironico in Switzerland where one station is located within a natural coniferous forest stand (CIB) with Norway spruce (_Picea abies_; 160-180 yrs) and European silver fir (_Abies alba_; 140-160 yrs) as dominant tree species. A second station is situated in the very vicinity outside of the forest (field station, CIF). The meteorological time series are presented in hourly time resolution of air temperature, relative humidity, precipitation, photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) and wind speed. Chironico is part of the Long-term Forest Ecosystem Research Programme (LWF) established and maintained by the Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL.

en: relative-humidity par long-term wind-speed precipitation meteorology meteo swiss-forest-lab temperature climate-change

de: EnviDat ist das Datenportal der WSL für einen einheitlichen und verwalteten Zugang zu Umweltdaten aus Monitoring- und Forschungsprojekten. Auf dem Portal können Datensätze gehostet und veröffentlicht werden. Durch die weltweite Bereitstellung einzigartiger und wertvoller Datensätze leistet EnviDat einen Beitrag zur Forschung im Bereich der Umweltwissenschaften.

en: Chironico, Switzerland: Long-term forest meteorological data from the Long-term Forest Ecosystem Research Programme (LWF), from 2000 onwards

envi

de: Umwelt

de:
Resource Title: Site photo of the field station (CIF)
    Size: 595220 bytes
    Format: image/jpeg
    URL: https://www.envidat.ch/dataset/aa85a779-49cb-4d55-bcaf-e957a48d0771/resource/6d4df6e5-55ca-4706-84b8-02095fc7247e/download/cif.jpg
    Description: Site photo of the field station from the side.

de:
Resource Title: Site aerial photo (Chironico)
    Size: 8272921 bytes
    Format: image/jpeg
    URL: https://www.envidat.ch/dataset/aa85a779-49cb-4d55-bcaf-e957a48d0771/resource/c1beb5d4-0bb5-449c-9d68-428f5d7053dc/download/cifront.jpg
    Description: Site aerial photo from both Chironico stations. Source: Google. 2016. Site aerial photo from both Chironico stations. Retrieved November 11, 2016, from https://www.google.ch/maps

de:
Resource Title: Data plot of the field station (CIF)
    Size: 9381698 bytes
    Format: text/csv
    URL: https://www.envidat.ch/dataset/aa85a779-49cb-4d55-bcaf-e957a48d0771/resource/5993f35c-f254-4f4e-b603-82f1999524f4/download/ciffield.csv
    Description: Data file.

de:
Resource Title: Data plot of the forest station (CIB)
    Size: 245044 bytes
    Format: application/pdf
    URL: https://www.envidat.ch/dataset/aa85a779-49cb-4d55-bcaf-e957a48d0771/resource/806df5aa-7383-4d16-8318-4c26237ddd03/download/cibplot.pdf
    Description: Data overview for air temperature, relative humidity, precipitation, PAR, wind speed.

de:
Resource Title: Data plot of the field station (CIF)
    Size: 298986 bytes
    Format: application/pdf
    URL: https://www.envidat.ch/dataset/aa85a779-49cb-4d55-bcaf-e957a48d0771/resource/dbf82da9-d637-4660-ab4c-50943b190dde/download/cifplot.pdf
    Description: Data overview for air temperature, relative humidity, precipitation, PAR, wind speed.

de:
Resource Title: Forest station data (CIB)
    Size: 9148615 bytes
    Format: text/csv
    URL: https://www.envidat.ch/dataset/aa85a779-49cb-4d55-bcaf-e957a48d0771/resource/d2125be5-ab36-4a79-8873-100747c9304a/download/cibforest.csv
    Description: Data file.

de:
Resource Title: Site photo of the forest station (CIB)
    Size: 2398813 bytes
    Format: image/jpeg
    URL: https://www.envidat.ch/dataset/aa85a779-49cb-4d55-bcaf-e957a48d0771/resource/d06f65e8-1a2a-4fc1-9b01-6f8c5f1854ef/download/cib.jpg
    Description: Site photo of the forest station from below (viewing upwards the slope).


en: High quality meteorological data are needed for long-term forest ecosystem research, particularly in the light of global change. The long-term data series published here comprises almost 20 years of measurements for one meteorological station in Lens in Switzerland which is located within a natural coniferous forest with Scots pine (_Pinus sylvestris_; 150-170 yrs)) as dominant tree species. The meteorological time series are presented in hourly time resolution of air temperature, relative humidity, precipitation, photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) and wind speed. Lens is part of the Long-term Forest Ecosystem Research Programme (LWF) established and maintained by the Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL.

en: precipitation meteorology relative-humidity par long-term wind-speed meteo swiss-forest-lab temperature climate-change

envidat

en: EnviDat is the WSL data portal providing unified and managed access to environmental monitoring and research data. The portal has the capability to host and publish data sets. Through the sharing of unique and high-value data sets worldwide, EnviDat fosters research and contributes to advancing environmental science.

de: EnviDat: das Umwelt-Datenportal

de: EnviDat

en: Lens, Switzerland: Long-term forest meteorological data from the Long-term Forest Ecosystem Research Programme (LWF), from 1997 onwards

de:
Resource Title: Site photo of the forest station (LEB)
    Size: 382534 bytes
    Format: image/jpeg
    URL: https://www.envidat.ch/dataset/fea7c28b-0a5b-4f38-b3df-c1ce66c2cf43/resource/15eb26e6-46a4-43e6-8cdb-fd7072968eb3/download/leb.jpg
    Description: Site photo of the forest station from below (viewing upwards the slope)

de:
Resource Title: Data plot of the forest station (LEB)
    Size: 234314 bytes
    Format: application/pdf
    URL: https://www.envidat.ch/dataset/fea7c28b-0a5b-4f38-b3df-c1ce66c2cf43/resource/569d951e-97b2-44e0-9ad5-d861994a78eb/download/lebplot.pdf
    Description: Data overview for air temperature, relative humidity, precipitation, PAR, wind speed.

de:
Resource Title: Forest station data (LEB)
    Size: 9240564 bytes
    Format: text/csv
    URL: https://www.envidat.ch/dataset/fea7c28b-0a5b-4f38-b3df-c1ce66c2cf43/resource/21e6ffa5-4cc5-4310-be18-91c2d579163c/download/lebforest.csv
    Description: Data file.